Reliability and validity study of a Turkish version of the Communicative Effectiveness Survey-Revised (CES-R).

BACKGROUND: Communication of people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) is negatively affected. For PwPD with communication difficulties, it is important to use self-assessment tools as a primary assessment approach to evaluate their perspectives on communication. It is also important to evaluate PwPDs with self-assessment scales in order to determine in which situations their communicative effectiveness is affected and to include them in the intervention plan. AIMS: To create a Turkish version of the Communicative Effectiveness Survey-Revised (CES-R), to examine its validity and reliability, and to investigate its applicability in PwPD. METHOD: The study included 106 PwPD and 106 healthy participants. The original form of the CES-R was adapted into Turkish according to international guidelines. Every participant completed the Turkish version of CES-R and the Voice Handicap Index-10 form. The adapted scale was retested 2 weeks later. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Because the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was 0.956 in the exploratory factor analysis of the CES-R and p < 0.01 for Bartlett's Test, the data set is 'perfectly' suitable for factor analysis. In the explanatory factor analysis applied in the CES-R scale, the total explanatory ratio of the two dimensions was determined as 63.5%, and the validity condition was met. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.958 in the PwPD group and 0.955 in the control group and the scale was found to be at the 'high reliability' level. CONCLUSION: The CES-R is a valid, reliable, and useable self-assessment scale for Turkish PwPD. Furthermore, this adaptation research was developed to assess possible communication difficulties for PwPD. With this tool, difficulties in communication skills that can be identified by a comprehensive evaluation should also be studied in the intervention processes. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Self-assessment tools are suggested as a primary use when evaluating people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) with communication difficulties. The CES-R is one of these self-assessment scales. However, the validity and reliability study of the Communicative Effectiveness Survey-Revised (CES-R) in Turkish has not been conducted. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study demonstrates the validity and reliability of the Turkish CES-R scale and its applicability to PwPD. Furthermore, this scale can be used in assessment procedures for possible communication difficulties for PwPD. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The scale, which is unidimensional in the literature, was found to have two dimensions with eigenvalues > 1 in the Discovery Factor analysis in this study. The first dimension was named communication in general situations (CGS) and the second dimension was named communication in difficult situations (CDS). It is thought that this scale will be useful in research and clinics for the comprehensive assessment of PwPD with communication difficulties before and after treatment.

Coronaphobia and academic procrastination in health sciences students during the first 3-month pandemic lockdown.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between coronaphobia and academic procrastination among university students during the first 3-month coronavirus disease-2019 lockdown. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2020 at the Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, and comprised Health Sciences students of either gender across 10 departments. The coronavirus disease-2019 Phobia Scale and the Scale of Academic Procrastination Behaviour were used to gather data. The relationship of the scores was examined with respect to gender and academic level. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. RESULTS: Of the 743 subjects enrolled, 681(91.65%) completed the survey; 548(80.5%) females and 133(19.5%) males. The overall mean age was 20.91±1.94 years (range: 18-35 years). The largest group was that of first year students 229(33.6%). There was a significant correlation between coronaphobia and academic procrastination (p=0.001). Total coronaphobia (p=0.023) and psychological subscale scores (p=0.001) of women were significantly higher than men. Negative perceptions regarding instructors were higher in men than women (p=0.038). The academic year was not significantly associated with either coronaphobia (p=0.249) or procrastination (p=0.546). CONCLUSIONS: The coronavirus disease-2019 created a phobia and this caused academic procrastination in health sciences students, especially women.