Norsquaraine endowed with anticancer and antibacterial activities.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method for the treatment of cancer. Furthermore, PDT can also be used for the eradication of bacteria. The photo-sensitizing drug, a.k.a photosensitizer, is critical for the success of PDT. Although norsquaraines are analogs of squaraine dyes, they are overlooked as photosensitizers. METHODS: In this work, synthesis, characterization, bioimaging and in vitro PDT applications of a new norsquaraine dye 1 were described. We also prepared nanoparticles from norsquaraine 1 and Pluronic F127 to obtain 1@F127. RESULTS: Norsquaraine 1 boosted the generation of reactive oxygen species over a wide range of pH (pH 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, and 2.2.). Furthermore, 1 was internalized by epidermoid laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 (Hep-2) cells and used for fluorescence imaging. Remarkably, norsquaraine 1 destroyed most of the cancer cells (ca. 77% to 89%) after illumination with red light. Most strikingly, 1 successfully inhibited the growth of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) upon illumination. Last but not least, photodynamic sterilization of tomato juice, an acidic beverage, was feasible using 1 as a photo sterilizer. Nano formulation of 1 with Pluronic F127 provided 1@F127 nanoparticles. It is lucid that 1@F127 nanoparticles permeate into Hep-2 cells and boost the generation of ROS upon illumination. CONCLUSION: Norsquaraine 1 shows superior features as a photosensitizer pertinent to PDT in a wide range of pH. This norsquaraine is endowed with anticancer and antibacterial activities. Which should be further evaluated.

Contrast sensitivity of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy patients without obvious optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To compare the contrast sensitivity levels of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients without obvious optic neuropathy with those of healthy people. METHODS: Forty eyes of 20 TAO patients without dysthyroid optic neuropathy and 40 eyes of 20 healthy subjects were evaluated in this prospective case-controlled study. The contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) of all subjects were measured by the functional acuity contrast test (FACT) in five frequencies which were 1,5 cpd (A), 3 cpd (B), 6 cpd (C), 12 cpd (D), and 18 cpd (E). Results were compared for both groups, and a correlation of CSF with Hertel and clinical activity scores was assessed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between TAO patients and control groups for age and sex. TAO patients had lower levels than the control group in all the frequencies of CSFs (P < 0.05) and the difference in contrast sensitivity functions between the groups seems to be more significant in higher frequencies (B, C, D, and E) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TAO patients without DON can have contrast sensitivity loss and this would probably imply subtle optic nerve dysfunction in early disease phase.

Screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey.

This study was designed to determine the frequency of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the effectiveness of the screening protocol in preterm infants for our country. With these objectives, the charts of 1000 preterm infants were reviewed in Ondokuz Mayis University, Department of Ophthalmology. ROP frequency, the effect of gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) and the effectiveness of the screening protocol were evaluated. In this study, ROP was observed in 30.8% of infants and not observed in 69.2% of infants. Threshold ROP was detected in 7.0%. The frequency of threshold ROP was 43.5%, 20.0%, 12.6%, and 8.8% in the infants with GA of < or = 26, 26-28, 29-30, and 31-32 weeks, respectively. Threshold ROP was not observed in babies born after 34 weeks. Treatment was required for 11% of the infants. ROP treatment requirement (11%) was limited to babies with GA of < 34 weeks of gestation. Incidence of ROP was inversely proportional with GA and BW. Treatment was not required when GA was > 34 weeks. A new ROP screening protocol is proposed for Turkey, which is: screening of preterm babies with GA of < 34 weeks and BW of < 1800 g.

Is symptomatic atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease a risk factor for normal-tension glaucoma?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of glaucomatous optic disk appearance between patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stroke and healthy individuals with normal intraocular pressures (IOP). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 46 patients with ischemic stroke with evident lacunar infarction or large vessel atherosclerosis, and 93 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals, all with normal IOP, were included. Patients and controls were examined for the presence of high cup-to-disk ratios (> 0.5). RESULTS: Seven patients (15.22%) in the ischemic cerebrovascular disease (CVD) group and 3 controls (3.23%) had glaucomatous optic disk appearance. All subjects with glaucomatous optic disk appearance in the control group and 3 patients in the study group had visual field defects in concordance with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). The incidence of glaucomatous optic disk appearance was significantly higher in the group with symptomatic atherosclerotic CVD. CONCLUSION: Atherosclerotic CVD is a risk factor for having glaucomatous optic disk appearance. Symptomatic atherosclerosis involving the brain vasculature may also affect the eye and lead to NTG. Patients with ischemic strokes due to large artery atherosclerosis or small artery occlusion must be examined and followed for NTG.

Unsuccessful probing and nasolacrimal canal agenesis in congenital epiphora.

PURPOSE: To present 3 cases with nasolacrimal canal agenesis who underwent repetitive unsuccessful probing for treatment of congenital epiphora. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three patients who had undergone topical antibiotic therapy, lacrimal sac massage and repetitive probing in Ondokuz Mayis University, Medical School, Ophthalmology Department between June 2006 and March 2007 were included in the study. Thin-section computerized tomography (CT) scan was performed in all cases since nasolacrimal duct could not be detected during repetitive probing. RESULTS: Among the patients 2 were males and 1 was a female. They were within the age range 5-7. Since it was not possible to cannulate the nasolacrimal canal during probing, CT scans were performed and nasolacrimal duct agenesis was detected in 3 patients. One of the patients had additional upper punctum agenesis, who also had no right frontal sinus and left sphenoid sinus. All tomographic images revealed a rudimentary upper nasolacrimal canal ending blindly and a lower canal leading into the maxillary sinus, which was very typical for the duct agenesis. In all patients, lacrimal fossas were shallow and irregular. CONCLUSION: Nasolacrimal duct agenesis should be considered in patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and unsuccessful repetitive probing, especially if it is difficult to cannulate nasolacrimal canal during probing. Although assessing whether dacryocystorhinostomy is in favor of the patient, the lacrimal sac and fossa should be examined with imaging in details.

Regression of severe corneal stromal neovascularization with topical cyclosporine 0.05% after penetrating keratoplasty for fungal corneal ulcer.

PURPOSE: To report regression of corneal stromal neovascularizations with the use of topical cyclosporine 0.05% in a corneal transplant patient performed for fungal corneal ulcer. DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: A 14-year-old boy treated for fungal corneal ulceration developed 360 degrees corneal stromal neovascularization peroperatively. Topical cyclosporine 0.05% was used to decrease the risk of rejection. RESULTS: The neovascularizations regressed totally within 2 months and no signs of graft rejection were present at 6 months follow up. CONCLUSION: Topical cyclosporine 0.05% may result in regression of stromal corneal neovascularizations and help to reduce the risk of graft rejection in selected cases.

Jellyfish sting injury to the cornea.

A 25-year-old woman presented to the emergency room 2 hours after a jellyfish sting to the left eye. Centrally located linear epithelial defects were observed on slit-lamp evaluation. The epithelial defects improved but did not heal totally after meticulous patching with antibiotic ointment and cycloplegic drops. Small, subepithelial negative staining areas within the epithelial defects were observed on day 3. Confocal microscopy was performed and revealed thread-like hyperreflective structures, mainly located at the basal epithelial layer. Following debridement of the traumatized areas, the corneal epithelium healed completely in 24 hours, resulting in increased visual acuity and decreased foreign body sensation. Jellyfish stings to the eye may involve the intrusion of the nematocysts, thread-like venomous structures, into the cornea. Debridement of these foreign bodies can be helpful in the treatment of resistant cases.

Tear secretion and ferning patterns among premature and full-term newborns.

In this study, we aimed to assess the quality and quantity of tears among premature and term newborns. Tear ferning and Schirmer's tests were conducted over the first 10 days of life. Correlations between tear ferning patterns, Schirmer's scores, post-conceptional age, and birth weight were evaluated. Forty-six newborns (23 preterm, 23 term) were enrolled, with a mean post-conceptional age of 36.6 weeks and a mean weight of 2598.2 g. Mean total, basal and reflex Schirmer's test results were 13.5 mm, 6.7 mm and 6.8 mm, on the right and 14.0 mm, 7.1 mm and 6.9 mm on the left eye, respectively. Median ferning score was 2 (range 1-3) bilaterally. Schirmer scores were correlated with ferning capacity and post-conceptional age. Our study shows that newborns secrete moderate quantity, good quality tears. Ferning capacity, Schirmer scores and post-conceptional age are correlated.

Bilateral simultaneous primary orbital lymphoma presenting with unilateral enophthalmos.

A 73-year-old woman was examined for palpable orbital masses behind the right upper eyelid and left lower eyelid leading to entropion. Hertel exophthalmometry readings were 6.0 mm in the right eye and 11.0 mm in the left eye with a base of 102 mm. MRI revealed bilateral hypointense orbital soft-tissue masses. Pathologic evaluation of incisional biopsy specimens revealed malignant tissue composed of diffuse, mitotically active, atypical large lymphoid cells positive for CD-20 with immunohistochemical staining, confirming the diagnosis of malignant diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Systemic survey was negative for extraorbital involvement. After R-CHOP chemotherapy (Rituximab 375 mg/m2 intravenously, Cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 intravenously, Doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 intravenously, Vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 intravenously, Prednisolone 100 mg orally), Hertel measurements were 9.0 mm in the right eye and 11.0 mm in the left eye. The mass lesions were totally regressed in follow-up MRI. Although rare, non-Hodgkin lymphoma may present bilaterally as primary orbital lesions and can unexpectedly cause enophthalmos instead of proptosis.

Orbital drainage of different sizes of colloids in rabbits: a dynamic scintigraphic study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the drainage patterns of radiolabeled colloids of different sizes injected into the orbital cavity in an animal model. METHODS: Twenty-one orbits of 11 rabbits were included in the study. In group 1, human serum macroaggregates with particle sizes of 10 to 100 microm, labeled with 10 mL of 1480 MBq (40 mCi) technetium pertechnetate Tc 99m (99mTc), were used. In group 2, human serum albumin colloidal particles with particle sizes of 50 to 80 nm, labeled with 5 mL of 740 MBq (20 mCi) 99mTc, were used. In group 3, colloidal tin with particle sizes of 300 to 600 nm, labeled with 9 mL of 1665 MBq (45 mCi) 99mTc, were used. The dynamic acquisition of liver for 10 minutes (120 frames for 5 seconds) in a 128 x 128 matrix was acquired immediately after intraorbital injection and at the end of the second hour. RESULTS: The liver in groups 2 and 3 and the lung in group 1 were visualized in 10 seconds or less in six, five, and four rabbits, respectively. The injected activity persisted in the orbits in varying percentages in all rabbits at the end of acquisition. CONCLUSIONS: Intraorbital injections have a great potential for systemic absorption and should not be considered as local pharmaceutical administration.

Pars plana vitrectomy for ocular complications of Behçet's disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery for the ocular complications of Behcet's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 20 eyes of 15 patients with Behçet's disease (9 men, 6 women; mean age at surgery, 31.0 +/- 1.8 years; range, 21-44 years) who had undergone vitreoretinal surgery for Behcet's disease at Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Samsun, Turkey, between January 2000 and September 2003. Postoperative visual acuity outcome, course of uveitis, and complications were evaluated in all patients. RESULTS: Indications for surgery were vitreous opacities in 10 eyes (50%), cystoid macular edema in 5 eyes (25%), epiretinal membrane in 3 eyes (15%), and vitreous hemorrhage in 2 eyes (10%). At the last postoperative follow-up, visual acuity had increased 2 Snellen lines or more in 10 (50%) of 20 eyes. Cystoid macular edema completely improved in 3 (60%) of 5 eyes after vitrectomy. Uveitis attacks significantly decreased during follow-up (P = .015). Immunosuppressive treatment was stopped in 11 (73%) of 15 patients. Retinal detachment and phthisis were not observed in any eye. CONCLUSION: Vitreoretinal surgery may be useful in the treatment of posterior segment complications of Behcet's disease.

Conjunctival necrosis due to subconjunctival injection of betamethasone in treatment of graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty.

A rare side effect of betamethasone applied subconjunctivally is described. A 51-year-old man who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty in his left eye 2 months previously developed graft rejection and was treated by subconjunctival injection of betamethasone. Within 2 weeks, the patient complained of conjunctival hyperemia and irritation. Biomicroscopic examination revealed conjunctival and subconjunctival necrosis with white necrotic tissue at the subconjunctival corticosteroid injection site. Simple debridement and primary wound closure of the involved area resulted in complete healing. Ophthalmologists should be aware that subconjunctival injection of betamethasone may cause conjunctival necrosis.

Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularization secondary to optic nerve drusen.

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to optic nerve drusen (OND). DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 9-year-old girl presented with peripapillary CNV of the right eye and peripapillary and subfoveal CNV of the left eye secondary to OND. The CNV was excised with submacular surgery in the left eye. RESULTS: Visual acuity increased from 0.05 to 0.3 in the left eye after submacular surgery and did not change from 0.3 in the right eye during 6-month follow-up. Partial retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, but no recurrence of CNV, was observed after CNV excision. CONCLUSION: Subfoveal CNV is an uncommon complication of OND and surgical excision may be useful in selected cases.