Higiene social y organización de la salud pública como ciencia y asignatura de la enseñanza. Breve historia del desarrollo de la higiene social y la organización de la salud pública (fragmento) / Social hygiene and public health organization as science and curricula subject. Brief history of the development of social hygiene and public health organization (fragment)

La revolución científico-técnica, los colosales éxitos de la ciencia médica y los logros de la práctica de salud pública han contribuido al cambio radical de los tipos de patología, al proceso activo de especialización y de integración en la ciencia médica y la salud pública y al perfeccionamiento del trabajo de los órganos y las instituciones de salud pública. El análisis desde el punto de vista de la higiene social es una tarea importantísima que incumbe a los científicos y pedagogos de las cátedras de higiene social y de organización de salud pública. La higiene social y la organización de salud pública como una ciencia médica independiente es una de las asignaturas más complejas de la enseñanza médica. La misma tiene una gran importancia en la formación del futuro médico que busca solución a los problemas de la salud pública socialista y de la protección de la salud de la población de la Unión Soviética. Para asimilar los conocimientos en esta rama, a esta misma le debe preceder una sólida preparación de los estudiantes en disciplinas teóricas, médico-biológicas, sociales y clínicas. Precisamente por eso la higiene social y la organización de salud pública se enseña en los cursos superiores de los centros de enseñanza...(AU)

Oil sludge depository assessment using multivariate data analysis.

Oil-containing industrial wastes tend to accumulate and present a growing environmental danger. This is of particular concern in certain areas of Russia. For effective processing of depositories, the wastes' physico-chemical properties and depository characteristics should both be taken into account. Representative sample sets were collected from fifty four depositories of different age, origin, and location in Samara region and analyzed using multivariate data analysis: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least-Squares (PLS) regression. PCA results provide a better understanding of the internal data structure, i.e. variable correlations and groupings. Based on the PCA results, a new approach to the classification of oil sludge depositories has been suggested. Another practically important task of site assessment has been solved by PLS regression modeling. The method has been successfully applied to the accurate estimation of the depository processing profitability for a specific site.

In situ micro-Raman analysis and X-ray diffraction of nickel silicide thin films on silicon.

This article reports on the in situ analysis of nickel silicide (NiSi) thin films formed by thermal processing of nickel thin films deposited on silicon substrates. The in situ techniques employed for this study include micro-Raman spectroscopy (microRS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); in both cases the variations for temperatures up to 350 degrees C has been studied. Nickel silicide thin films formed by vacuum annealing of nickel on silicon were used as a reference for these measurements. In situ analysis was carried out on nickel thin films on silicon, while the samples were heated from room temperature to 350 degrees C. Data was gathered at regular temperature intervals and other specific points of interest (such as 250 degrees C, where the reaction between nickel and silicon to form Ni(2)Si is expected). The transformations from the metallic state, through the intermediate reaction states, until the desired metal-silicon reaction product is attained, are discussed. The evolution of nickel silicide from the nickel film can be observed from both the microRS and XRD in situ studies. Variations in the evolution of silicide from metal for different silicon substrates are discussed, and these include (100) n-type, (100) p-type, and (110) p-type silicon substrates.

PITANSEMA-MAS, a solid-state NMR method to measure heteronuclear dipolar couplings under MAS.

A 2D NMR method is presented for the measurement of the dipole-dipole interaction between a proton and a low-frequency nuclear spin species in the solid state under the magic angle spinning. It employs the time averaged nutation concept to dramatically reduce the required radio frequency (rf) power on the low γ nuclear channel and spin exchange at the magic angle is used to suppress (1)H-(1)H dipolar interactions and chemical shifts. The flexibility in choosing the spinning speed, rf power and the scaling factor of the pulse sequence are of considerable importance for the structural studies of biological solids. The performance of the pulse sequence has been numerically and experimentally demonstrated on several solids.

[Laser surgery of cicatricial laryngeal stenosis]. / Lazernaia khirurgiia rubtsovykh stenozov gortani.

The authors consider possibility of using surgical lasers for treatment of cicatricial laryngostenosis (CL); present classification of stenoses depending on the causes and location; emphasize advantages of high-energy laser vs conventional methods (reduced blood loss, no need in previous tracheotomy or laryngofissure, minimal reactive changes, rapid epithelization); describe the procedure of laser radiation and its variants depending on tumor location in the larynx.

C-terminal actin-binding sites of smooth muscle caldesmon switch actin between conformational states.

Caldesmon is a component of the thin filaments of smooth muscles where it is believed to play an essential role in regulating the thin filaments' interaction with myosin and hence contractility. We studied the effects of caldesmon and two recombinant fragments CaDH1 (residues 506-793) and CaDH2 (residues 683-767) on the structure of actin-tropomyosin by making measurements of the fluorescence polarisation of probes specifically attached to actin. CaDH1, like the parent molecule caldesmon, is an inhibitor of actin-tropomyosin interaction with myosin whilst CaDH2 is an activator. The F-actin in permeabilised and myosin free rabbit skeletal muscle 'ghost' fibres was labelled by tetramethyl rhodamine-isothiocyanate (TRITC)-phalloidin or fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate (FITC) at lysine 61. Fluorescence polarisation measurements were made and the parameters Phi(A), Phi(E), Theta(1/2) and Nu were calculated. Phi(A) and Phi(E) are angles between the fiber axis and the absorption and emission dipoles, respectively; Theta(1/2) is the angle between the F-actin filament axis and the fiber axis; Nu is the relative number of randomly oriented fluorophores. Actin-tropomyosin interaction with myosin subfragment-1 induced changes in the parameters of the polarised fluorescence that are typical of strong binding of myosin to actin and of the 'on' conformational state of actin. Caldesmon and CaDH1 (as well as troponin in the absence of Ca(2+)) diminished the effect of S-1, whereas CaDH2 (as well as troponin in the presence of Ca(2+)) enhanced the effect of S1. Thus the structural evidence correlates with biochemical evidence that C-terminal actin-binding sites of caldesmon can modulate the structural transition of actin monomers between 'off' (caldesmon and CaDH1) and 'on' (S-1 and CaDH2) states in a manner analogous to troponin.

[Effect of the C-terminal actin-binding sites of caldesmon on the interaction of actin with myosin]. / Vliianie C-kontsevykh aktinsviazyvaiushchikh saitov kal'desmona na vzaimodeistvie aktina s miozinom.

TRITC-phalloidin or FITC-labeled F-actin of ghost muscle fibers was bound to tropomyosin and C-terminal recombinant fragments of caldesmon CaDH1 (residues 506-793) or CaDH2 (residues 683-767). After that the fibers were decorated with myosin subfragment 1. In the absence of caldesmon fragments, subfragment 1 interaction with F-actin caused changes in parameters of polarized fluorescence, that were typical of "strong" binding of myosin heads to F-actin and of the "switched on" conformational state of actin. CaDH1 inhibited, whereas CaDH2 activated the effect of subfragment 1. It is suggested that C-terminal part of caldesmon may modulate the transition of F-actin subunits from the "switched on" to the "switched off" state.

[Medical insurance in the light of social informatics]. / Meditsinskoe strakhovanie v svete sotsial'noi informatiki.

Analyzes the experience gained in cooperative studies aimed at the development and introduction of automated data processing systems, carried out by the Institute of Informatics, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Krasnodar Territorial Foundation for Obligatory Medical Insurance and its branches.

Divergent double chirp pulses for refocusing quadrupolar interactions.

To excite and refocus single quantum coherences in a three-level system with a quadrupolar interaction, it is possible to use frequency-modulated pulses with two diverging frequency components that are swept simultaneously through the two single-quantum transitions. This is achieved by time-dependent amplitude-modulation of the carrier frequency, so as to generate two sidebands with frequencies that are diverging (or converging) symmetrically with respect to the carrier frequency. Simulations and experiments show that such modulated pulses can be used to refocus single quantum coherences to form quadrupole echoes, using much weaker RF amplitudes than in conventional echo sequences. To visualize the evolution of the coherences in a three-level system, a graphical representation of the density operator components is proposed.

NMR of residual protons in partly deuterated anisotropic materials with phase-alternated decoupling of deuterium spins.

A new method is presented for decoupling spins with S = 1 like deuterium in anisotropic media while observing other spins such as residual protons in partly deuterated samples. The carrier frequency of a weak radiofrequency (RF) field is applied near the center of the doublet arising from the quadrupolar interaction of the S = 1 spins. The phase of the RF field is periodically reversed with intervals matching the reciprocal of the magnitude of the quadrupolar splitting. It is shown by theory and experiment that, even when the irradiating field is quite weak, the efficiency of this phase-alternated decoupling scheme is much better than for simple continuous-wave irradiation at the center of the doublet, an established technique which is usually referred to as double quantum decoupling. The phase-alternated experiment makes it possible to decouple large quadrupolar interactions with a weak RF field. A theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the decoupling performance. Proton spectra of partly deuterated dibromobutane in a liquid crystalline solvent have been recorded to illustrate the efficiency of phase-alternated deuterium decoupling.

[New directions in the hypotensive therapy of open-angle glaucoma (experimental and clinical research)]. / Novye napravleniia gipotenzivnoi terapii otkrytougol'noi glaukomy (éksperimental'no-klinicheskie issledovaniia).

Clinical use of eye drops of a hybrid beta-alpha-adrenoblocker OF-4680 to reduce intraocular pressure has shown a high efficacy of the drug, not inferior to thymolol, for local hypotensive therapy of open-angle glaucoma. A combination of thymolol with taurin helped reduce the inhibiting effect of the beta-blocker on chamber humor secretion and simultaneously enhanced its discharge. The results evidence the desirability of correcting glutathion deficiency, detected in the patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, by lipoic acid.

Biogeochemical regioning problems and the biogeochemical selenium provinces in the former USSR.

Current trends in biogeochemical research in the former USSR are exemplified for the trace element selenium (Se). Vast regions of the former USSR are low in Se, giving rise to selenium deficiency diseases in animals and to Kaschin-Beck disease in humans, whereas isolated high-Se regions are comparatively rare. The Se content of plants depends on geological soil-type and secondary processes such as weathering and leaching. In general, a direct correlation between the Se content of feedstock and of the blood in animals is observed, whereas corresponding data for humans remain to be accumulated.

[The AGAT-R2, a gamma therapeutic apparatus with programmed control]. / Gamma-terapevticheskii apparat s programmnym upravleniem AGAT-R2.

The paper is concerned with analysis of a new programmed-control gamma-therapeutic apparatus AGAT-P2 for gamma-beam therapy of cancer patients.

[Ways of developing economy-related thinking in future physicians at medical institutes]. / Puti formirovaniia ékonomicheskogo myshleniia vracha v vuze.

Highlighted are the problems of economic education of medical students. For the organization of such training it is proposed to introduce a programme of continuous education of medical students in health care economics carried out by the 1st I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Institute. The programme has been prepared on the basis of an original procedure of drawing up continuous programmes. Activity-associated approach to the learning process and its systematization serves as the basis for the proposed technique. In general the programme represents a system of educational aims in economic training developed from the generalized final aim by specialty through general aims of groups of subjects (hygienic, clinical, biomedical, etc.) to specific aim of a separate subject. The aims are determined by knowledge and skills. The final aim of economic training in medical institutes is defined as development of students' skills to determine and appraise economic efficacy of public health facilities involving the work of separate health workers, the activity of entire health care establishments and the state in general. The programme regulates general aims of groups of subjects but also leaves some freedom for choosing the subjects and the means of their mastering. The subjects' aims are presented as examples of problems to be solved by students. The programme introduction requires no extra schedule time since the solution of problems in economics needs only a few minutes. Thus the study of health economics in medical institutes can be significantly intensified.