Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in Saint Petersburg and Some Other Regions of the Russian Federation.

Carbapenemase-producing gramnegative bacteria, which hydrolyze most offi-lactams, including carbapenems, is of global health care system threat. The number of the known carbapenemases is constantly increasing, however only four types are widely distributed: NDM-type, KPC-type, OXA-48-type and VIM-type. The frequency of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiellapneumoniae in hospitals of Saint Petersburg reached 9.2% (5.9% for NDM-type, 1.4% for OXA-48-type, 1.9% for NDM-type + OXA-48-type). Carbapenemase producers were also detected in hospitals of Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Vologda, Murmansk, Kurgan, Krasnoyarsk, Izhevsk, Krasnodar and Perm. In total 281 carbapenemase producers were recorded within 2011-2016, which were isolated from infected or colonized patients (K.pneumoniae - 247 isolates, Acinetobacter spp - 29 isolates, Enterobacter cloacae - 2 isolates, Serratia marcescens - 1 isolate, Escherichia coli - 1 isolate and Proteus mirabifis - 1 isolate). The carbapenemase-producing K.pneumoniae isolates were distinguished by considerable genetic diversity, the NDM-type carbapenemase-producers belonged to eight, KPC-type - to three and OXA-48-type - to four different sequence-types (STs) respectively. The representatives of the globally dominant genetic line, Clonal Group 258 (CG258), and also a number of the less common lines (ST147, ST273, ST307 and ST377) were detected. The K.pneumoniae strains were distinguished by a high frequency of cross-resistance and the associated resistance to antibiotics of different groups. The frequency of resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones reached 100%. Among the NDM-type carbapenemase producers the frequency of resistance to aminoglycosides exceeded 90%, among the KPC-type carbapenemase producers the frequency of resistance corresponded to 66% for amikacin and 93% for gentamicin, among the OXA-48 type carbapenemase producers the frequency of resistance was even lower (50% and 73% respectively). Approximately 80% of the NDM-type, 90% of the KPC-type and only 60% of the OXA-48-type carbapenemase producers showed a high level of resistance to imipenem and meropenem. The frequency of resistance to tigecycline varied within 6.7% to 14.8% and the frequency of resistance to polymyxin was within 4.2% to 20%. The OXA-40- and OXA-23-types carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp. remained susceptible only to polymyxin. It is obvious that the possibility of antibacterial therapy of infections caused by carbapenemases producers is limited.

[Effect of adaptive biocontrol sessions in the presence of strong professional skill].

Effect of adaptive biocontrol on efficiency of the operator possessing stable skills in simulating manual control of Soyuz hang-up and berthing to the International space station (ISS) was studied. Job quality was evaluated by the time, energy and precision parameters. The investigation used an ISS computer model and mock-ups of the board operating controls.

[Retention of the skill to perform adaptive bio-control of bioelectrical activity synchronization in the human brain cortex in an argon-nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere with various oxygen content].

The best method to prevent fire incident in space vehicles and other habitable pressurized modules is reduction of atmospheric oxygen concentration (hypoxia). Atmosphere doping with argon may ease tolerance of this hypoxia by humans. Mental performance in Ag-N2-O2 atmosphere with various oxygen content was assed by: retention of the skill to perform adaptive biocontrol (ABC) of bioelectrical activity synchronization in the frontoparietal and parietooccipital cortex (EEG); emotional and mental state (Luscher test); work successfulness (completion of PC games "Miner"and "Tetris"). The Ag-N2-O2 atmosphere did not affect, despite the fluctuation of anxiety, simulated work completion and long-term (within 24 hours) retention of the relevant to ABC skills.

[Individual styles of operator performance and their encephalographic correlates].

When in flight, cosmonauts are to resolve problems in the conditions of deterministic and stochastic disturbances. To a considerable degree successful problem resolution is dependent on interactions of the parietofrontal and parietooccipital areas of the right and left cortexes. The paper illustrates the relationship between the baseline state according to the Luscher test, productivity indices of activities involving two areas of the cortex, and spatial synchronization of their bio-potentials.

[The search of antioxidants in plant root's extracts of the carline thistle]. / Poisk antioksidantov v ékstraktakh kornei koliuchelistnika.

The carrying out tests of water-extracts of carline thistle (plant pink, Caryophyllaceae) in Kazakhstan (extract 1) and gathered in the Primorye region (extract 2). The method of spectral and thin layer chromatography silicagel plates contain phenolys components. It is found out that both extracts contain the same bonds with the max, uptake of long waves lambda = 282 hm and lambda = 260 hm. Besides, extract 2 has significant quantity of substances with the max, uptake lambda = 272 hm and substance with the max, uptake lambda = 330 hm. When determining with the help of standard tap the chemical nature of the substances, which have antioxidant characteristics, we settled out that antioxidant of soapwort possibly can be coffee acid and nonpolar flavonoid of unstated nature.

[The algorithm of quantitative evaluation of the human state with the help of the Lusher test]. / Algoritm kolichestvennoi otsenki sostoianiia operatorov s pomoshch'iu testa Liushera.

A Lusher test-based algorithm of the quantitative evaluation of the ability to perform under the conditions of determinant and stochastic stimuli was developed and validated in experiments with volunteered subjects.

[Biosynthesis of alkaline extracellular proteinases in Bacillus intermedius]. / Biosintez shchelochnoi vnekletochnoi proteinazy Bacillus intermedius.

The conditions for growth and serine proteinase biosynthesis were studied in the batch culture of Bacillus intermedius. The synthesis of the enzyme was found to be inhibited by glucose and by the amino acid mixture and activated by the addition of organic compounds-casein and gelatin-to the medium. Inorganic phosphate in the medium increased the enzyme yield. The enzyme activity was shown to be twofold higher upon the addition of corn extract (1.8%) in the medium than in the medium with meat peptone (1.7-2.2%) and inorganic phosphate (0.28-0.30 miligram).

[The importance of the pyruvate test for the early detection of diabetes mellitus in a mass examination of the population]. / Znachenie piruvatnogo testa dlia rannego vyiavleniia sakharnogo diabeta pri massovom obsledovanii naseleniia.

The levels of carbohydrate metabolism were examined in 329 inhabitants of Lvov (age: from 6 to 68 years). Determination of the pyruvate level, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity of the blood on the 120 minute after carbohydrate meal allowed to establish in healthy persons four-modal levels of distribution of the content of pyruvate in the capillary blood. These levels correspond to normal tolerance to glucose, increased glucose tolerance (hyperinsulinism), potential glucose tolerance disorders (diabetic type). The authors propose a chart of prophylactic evaluation of glucose tolerance.

[The implementation of a strategy for the primary prevention of diabetes mellitus]. / K realizatsii strategii pervichnoi profilaktiki sakharnogo diabeta.

A pyruvate test for glucose tolerance was used during prophylactic medical examination of 47 students and 27 children without risk factors, 54 students with risk factors, 31 patients with type I diabetes mellitus and 220 construction workers in order to test a new methodological basis for the strategy of primary prevention of diabetes mellitus. The investigations showed the presence in a general population of 3-modal distribution of a variant of the capillary blood pyruvate level on the 120th min. of a GTT according to physiological glucose tolerance, potential (prediabetic) and actual (diabetic) carbohydrate metabolic derangements. A high informative value of the pyruvate test for glucose tolerance makes this method appropriate for identification of persons, genetically predisposed to the development of diabetes mellitus, for implementation of a population strategy of prevention of this disease as well as strategy of prevention of diabetes among persons with risk factors.