ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Low body iodine levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, in part through alterations in thyroid function. While this association suggested from animal studies, it lacks supportive evidence in humans. This study examined the association between urine iodine levels and presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke in adults without thyroid dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: This cross-sectional study included 2440 adults (representing a weighted n = 91,713,183) aged ≥40 years without thyroid dysfunction in the nationally-representative 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The age and sex-adjusted urine iodine/creatinine ratio (aICR) was categorized into low (aICR<116 µg/day), medium (116 µg/day ≤ aICR < 370µg/day), and high (aICR ≥ 370µg/day) based on lowest/highest quintiles. Stroke and CAD were from self-reported physician diagnoses. We examined the association between low urine aICR and CAD or stroke using multivariable logistic regression modeling. The mean age of this population was 56.0 years, 47% were women, and three quarters were non-Hispanic whites. Compared with high urine iodine levels, multivariable adjusted odds ratios aOR (95% confidence intervals) for CAD were statistically significant for low, aOR = 1.97 (1.08-3.59), but not medium, aOR = 1.26 (0.75-2.13) urine iodine levels. There was no association between stroke and low, aOR = 1.12 (0.52-2.44) or medium, aOR = 1.48 (0.88-2.48) urine iodine levels. CONCLUSION: The association between low urine iodine levels and CAD should be confirmed in a prospective study with serial measures of urine iodine. If low iodine levels precede CAD, then this potential and modifiable new CAD risk factor might have therapeutic implications.
Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Deficiency Diseases/epidemiology , Iodine/deficiency , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/urine , Chi-Square Distribution , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Deficiency Diseases/diagnosis , Deficiency Diseases/urine , Female , Humans , Iodine/urine , Linear Models , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Nutrition Surveys , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Protective Factors , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Stroke/diagnosis , Stroke/epidemiology , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Results from simple colour vision tests used for the detection of the Type III colour vision deficiency in glaucoma and ocular hypertension are presented. We assessed 49 patients with primary open angle glaucoma, 16 ocular hypertensives, 54 age matched normals and 50 young normal observers using six established tests and the recently introduced Tritan Album. This test was introduced specifically for acquired colour vision deficiencies. Results show in general that individual tests have low sensitivity and poor screening efficiency. The best screening efficiency was achieved by the City University Colour Vision Test and the AO HRR plate test, no acquired tritan defects were identified by the Farnsworth F2 plate, and the Tritan Album had very low sensitivity (the lowest excluding the F2 plate). Best results were obtained from a combination of City University and HRR test scores and this combination could provide useful additional data on colour vision in a glaucoma screening programme.
