ABSTRACT
Insults to cellular health cause p53 protein accumulation, and loss of p53 function leads to tumorigenesis. Thus, p53 has to be tightly controlled. Here we report that the BTB/POZ domain transcription factor PATZ1 (MAZR), previously known for its transcriptional suppressor functions in T lymphocytes, is a crucial regulator of p53. The novel role of PATZ1 as an inhibitor of the p53 protein marks its gene as a proto-oncogene. PATZ1-deficient cells have reduced proliferative capacity, which we assessed by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and real-time cell growth rate analysis. PATZ1 modifies the expression of p53 target genes associated with cell proliferation gene ontology terms. Moreover, PATZ1 regulates several genes involved in cellular adhesion and morphogenesis. Significantly, treatment with the DNA damage-inducing drug doxorubicin results in the loss of the PATZ1 transcription factor as p53 accumulates. We find that PATZ1 binds to p53 and inhibits p53-dependent transcription activation. We examine the mechanism of this functional inhibitory interaction and demonstrate that PATZ1 excludes p53 from DNA binding. This study documents PATZ1 as a novel player in the p53 pathway.
Subject(s)
Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism , Animals , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , DNA Repair , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Gene Expression Profiling , HCT116 Cells , HEK293 Cells , HeLa Cells , Humans , Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , NIH 3T3 Cells , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Repressor Proteins/genetics , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Transcription, Genetic/drug effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Polycomb group (PcG) of proteins is a family of important developmental regulators. The respective members function as large protein complexes involved in establishment and maintenance of transcriptional repression of developmental control genes. MBTD1, Malignant Brain Tumor domain-containing protein 1, is one such PcG protein. MBTD1 contains four MBT repeats. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have determined the crystal structure of MBTD1 (residues 130-566aa covering the 4 MBT repeats) at 2.5 A resolution by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of MBTD1 reveals its similarity to another four-MBT-repeat protein L3MBTL2, which binds lower methylated lysine histones. Fluorescence polarization experiments confirmed that MBTD1 preferentially binds mono- and di-methyllysine histone peptides, like L3MBTL1 and L3MBTL2. All known MBT-peptide complex structures characterized to date do not exhibit strong histone peptide sequence selectivity, and use a "cavity insertion recognition mode" to recognize the methylated lysine with the deeply buried methyl-lysine forming extensive interactions with the protein while the peptide residues flanking methyl-lysine forming very few contacts [1]. Nevertheless, our mutagenesis data based on L3MBTL1 suggested that the histone peptides could not bind to MBT repeats in any orientation. CONCLUSIONS: The four MBT repeats in MBTD1 exhibits an asymmetric rhomboid architecture. Like other MBT repeat proteins characterized so far, MBTD1 binds mono- or dimethylated lysine histones through one of its four MBT repeats utilizing a semi-aromatic cage. ENHANCED VERSION: This article can also be viewed as an enhanced version in which the text of the article is integrated with interactive 3D representations and animated transitions. Please note that a web plugin is required to access this enhanced functionality. Instructions for the installation and use of the web plugin are available in Text S1.
Subject(s)
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry , Repressor Proteins/chemistry , Amino Acid Sequence , Arginine/chemistry , Chromatin/chemistry , Histones/chemistry , Humans , Lysine/chemistry , Methylation , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Sequence Data , Nucleosomes/metabolism , Polycomb-Group Proteins , Protein Conformation , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Sequence Homology, Amino AcidABSTRACT
UvrB is the damage recognition element of the highly conserved UvrABC pathway that functions in the removal of bulky DNA adducts. Pivotal to this is the formation of a damage detection complex that relies on the ability of UvrB to locate and sequester diverse lesions. Whilst structures of UvrB bound to DNA have recently been reported, none address the issue of lesion recognition. Here, we describe the crystal structure of UvrB bound to a pentanucleotide containing a single fluorescein-adducted thymine that reveals a unique mechanism for damage detection entirely dependent on the exclusion of lesions larger than an undamaged nucleotide.
Subject(s)
DNA Damage , DNA Helicases/metabolism , Endodeoxyribonucleases/metabolism , Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Models, Molecular , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray/methods , DNA Adducts/chemistry , DNA Adducts/metabolism , DNA Helicases/chemistry , Endodeoxyribonucleases/chemistry , Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, TertiaryABSTRACT
The UvrABC pathway is a ubiquitously occurring mechanism targeted towards the repair of bulky base damage. Key to this process is UvrB, a DNA-dependent limited helicase that acts as a lesion recognition element whilst part of a tracking complex involving UvrA, and as a DNA-binding platform required for the presentation of damage to UvrC for subsequent processing. We have been able to determine the structure of a ternary complex involving UvrB* (a C-terminal truncation of full-length UvrB), a polythymine trinucleotide and ADP. This structure has highlighted the roles of key conserved residues in DNA binding distinct from those of the beta-hairpin, where most of the attention in previous studies has been focussed. We are also the first to report the structural basis underlying conformational re-modelling of the beta-hairpin that is absolutely required for DNA binding and how this event results in an ATPase primed for catalysis. Our data provide the first insights at the molecular level into the transformation of UvrB into an active helicase.
