ABSTRACT
The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa has presented a significant public health crisis to the international health community and challenged U.S. emergency departments (EDs) to prepare for patients with a disease of exceeding rarity in developed nations. With the presentation of patients with Ebola to U.S. acute care facilities, ethical questions have been raised in both the press and medical literature as to how U.S. EDs, emergency physicians (EPs), emergency nurses, and other stakeholders in the health care system should approach the current epidemic and its potential for spread in the domestic environment. To address these concerns, the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Emergency Nurses Association, and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine developed this joint position paper to provide guidance to U.S. EPs, emergency nurses, and other stakeholders in the health care system on how to approach the ethical dilemmas posed by the outbreak of EVD. This paper will address areas of immediate and potential ethical concern to U.S. EDs in how they approach preparation for and management of potential patients with EVD.
Subject(s)
Bioethics , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Emergency Medical Services/ethics , Emergency Service, Hospital/ethics , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , Emergency Medicine , Ethics, Medical , Ethics, Nursing , Humans , Societies, Medical/ethics , Societies, Nursing/ethics , United StatesABSTRACT
The 2014 outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa has presented a significant public health crisis to the international health community and challenged US emergency departments to prepare for patients with a disease of exceeding rarity in developed nations. With the presentation of patients with Ebola to US acute care facilities, ethical questions have been raised in both the press and medical literature as to how US emergency departments, emergency physicians, emergency nurses and other stakeholders in the healthcare system should approach the current epidemic and its potential for spread in the domestic environment. To address these concerns, the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Emergency Nurses Association and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine developed this joint position paper to provide guidance to US emergency physicians, emergency nurses and other stakeholders in the healthcare system on how to approach the ethical dilemmas posed by the outbreak of EVD. This paper will address areas of immediate and potential ethical concern to US emergency departments in how they approach preparation for and management of potential patients with EVD.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/ethics , Emergency Medicine/ethics , Emergency Nursing/ethics , Emergency Service, Hospital/ethics , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/therapy , Physicians/ethics , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/nursing , Humans , Societies, Medical , Societies, Nursing , United StatesABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de explorar el acceso a los servicios de salud para la población con VIH en Bogotá y los costos asociados se diseñó un protocolo mixto. Éste incluyó una fase cuantitativa, de corte transversal, con una muestra por conveniencia de 540 adultos con VIH, y una fase cualitativa, con perspectiva fenomenológica con 20 pacientes. El 95% de la muestra estaba afiliada al SGSSS; sin embargo, se encontraron fallas estructurales y operativas que constituyen barreras a la atención integral, así como procesos dispendiosos para la exigibilidad de los derechos. Los costos directos mensuales asumidos por las personas con VIH o sus familias eran de $65.000, lo que representa entre el 11 y el 16% de sus ingresos. Los costos indirectos eran 2,2 veces mayores. El acceso a los servicios de salud inciden en el impacto psicofísico y aumentan la carga de enfermedad en términos de costos directos e indirectos...
To determine the access to healthcare for HIV patients and the associated costs in Bogotá, we developed a protocol using a mixed design. The quantitative phase comprised a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 540 adults with HIV. For the qualitative phase,a phenomenological study with 20 individuals was undertaken. 95% of participants had health insurance, but we found many structural, operative and human failures that imposed barriers to comprehensive treatment, as well as a complicated process to guarantee the rights for health. The direct cost assumed by individuals with HIV or their families was 65,000 COP monthly, representing 11-16% of their income. Indirect costs were 2.2 times higher. Access to healthcare influenced their medical condition as well as the burden of illness in terms of direct and indirect costs...
Com o objetivo de explorar o acesso aos serviços de saúde para população com VIH em Bogotá e os custos associados desenhou-se um protocolo misto. Este incluiu uma fase quantitativa, de corte transversal, com amostra por conveniência de 540 adultos com VIH e uma fase qualitativa com perspectiva fenomenológica com 20 pacientes. Amostra estava conformada por 95% de afiliados ao SGSSS (Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde), no entanto, falhas estruturais e operativas que constituem barreiras à atenção integral foram encontradas, mesmo que processos chatos para a exigibilidade dos direitos. Custos diretos mensais assumidos pelas pessoas com VIH ou suas famílias foram de $ 65.000 (US $35,5, aproximadamente) o que representa entre 11% e 16% das rendas. Custos indiretos foram 2,2 vezes mais. O ingresso aos serviços de saúde incide no impacto psicofísico e aumenta a carrega de doença em termos de custos diretos e indiretos...
