Valoración por los usuarios de la utilidad de la escuela de espalda en el tratamiento de algias vertebrales / Patients´preception of the utility of back school in treatment of vertebral pains

FUNDAMENTOS. Las algias vertebrales representan uno de los problemas crónicos más frecuentes en las salas de rehabilitación. Afectan a un sector muy amplio de población, por lo que es difícil agruparlas para su estudio. El objetivo principal de nuestro estudio es promover la implicación del paciente en su problema de salud. Suponemos que al tratarse de un problema crónico con una periodicidad relativa, intentamos con esta idea de tratamiento que el paciente tenga en su mano más recursos para obtener alivio en su dolor. METODOLOGÍA. Se realizaron tres grupos de columna, uno de lumbalgia y dos de cervicalgia. En ambos, se citaron a cuatro pacientes por grupo. El número de sesiones realizadas fue de diez, asistiendo a días alternos. En los primeros días de tratamiento, hablamos de la anatomía y biomecánica del raquis, así como de la fisiopatología de las afecciones que padecían estos pacientes. También se dio información de cómo realizar las distintas actividades de la vida diaria y sobre higiene postural. En los siguientes días, se pasó a la realización de una tabla de ejercicios de estiramiento, fortalecimiento y movilidad del raquis afectado. En cada sesión se complementó el tratamiento con electroterapia analgésica y termoterapia. El número total de pacientes que recibieron tratamiento en grupo ha sido de doce, cuatro hombres y ocho mujeres. Posteriormente, realizaron una encuesta telefónica para saber el nivel de satisfacción del paciente así como para conocer la continuidad o no del tratamiento en casa. RESULTADOS. La totalidad de los pacientes consideraron útil la adquisición de estos conocimientos para la comprensión de su patología. El 50% de los pacientes no realizó los ejercicios diariamente por varios motivos, pero fundamentalmente por falta de tiempo. El 50% de los pacientes dijo que ponia en práctica los consejos posturales aprendidos. El 60% consideró que haciendo los ejercicios y cuidando sus posturas consiguieron que el dolor tardara más en aparecer. El 100% consideró útil este tipo de terapia para afrontar y mejorar en su patología. CONCLUSIÓN. Este tipo de tratamiento resulta muy positivo por varios aspectos. En primer lugar, convertimos al paciente en parte activa de su problema, promoviendo su implicación y conciencia sobre su responsabilidad en el mismo. También se consigue un grado de empatía y comunicación del paciente con otros que sufren molestias similares (AU)

BACKGROUND. Vertebral pains are one of the most frequent chronic problems in Rehabilitation Units. They affect important sector of the population, with difficulty in categorizing distinct vertebral pains. The main objective of our study is to encourage the participation of the patient in his treatment. We hypothesize that treating this recurrent chronic health problem with nvolving the patient in his treatment gives him resources to diminish his pain. METHODOLOGY. Three groups of patients with vertebral pains were formed; 1 with Lumbago and 2 with Cervical pains. Every group had 4 patients. Ten sessions were realised every other day. The first days, we explained anatomy, biomechanic of the vertebral column, together with the pathophysiology of the lesions of the participant patients. Also, we facilitated information about how to realise everyday activities and correct postures. In the next days, we realized a set of muscle stretching exercises, resistance training and mobility of the affected vertebral column In every session, treatment was completed with analgesic electrotherapy and thermo therapy. The total number of patientswho received the treatment was 12; 4 men and 8 women. Thereafter, phone interview was conducted to measure the level of satisfaction of the patients and to assure continuity of treatment at home. RESULTS. All patients reported notable utility of acquiring knowledge to understand their lesions. About 50% of the patient did not realise the daily exercises because of various reasons, mainly lack of time. About 50% of the patients applied the postural advices. About 60% of patients reported that exercises and taking care of postures delay pain recurrence. All patients considered this type of therapy is very useful to face and improve their lesions. CONCLUSION. This type of treatment is very positive because of various reasons. First, the patient involves actively in his treatment, stimulating his participation and awareness. Also, we get a degree of empathy and communication of the patient with other patients with the same health problem (AU)

Depth of focus increase by multiplexing programmable diffractive lenses.

A combination of several diffractive lenses written onto a single programmable liquid crystal display (LCD) is proposed for increasing the Depth of Focus (DOF) of the imaging system as a whole. The lenses are spatially multiplexed in a random scheme onto the LCD. The axial irradiance distribution produced by each lens overlaps with the next one producing an extended focal depth. To compare the image quality of the multiplexed lenses, the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is calculated. Finally we obtain the experimental Point Spread Functions (PSF) for these multiplexed lenses and experimental results in which an extended object is illuminated under spatially incoherent monochromatic light. We compare the images obtained in the focal plane and in some defocused planes with the single lens and with three multiplexed lenses. The experimental results confirm that the multiplexed lenses produce a high increase in the depth of focus.

Programmable apodizer to compensate chromatic aberration effects using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.

Programmable apodizers written on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM) offer the possibility of modifying the point spread function (PSF) of an optical system in monochromatic light with a high degree of flexibility. Extension to polychromatic light has to take into account the liquid crystal response dependence on the wavelength. Proper control of the chromatic properties of the LCSLM in combination with the design of the correct apodizer is necessary for this new range of applications. In this paper we report a successful application of a programmable amplitude apodizer illuminated with polychromatic light. We use an axial apodizing filter to compensate the longitudinal secondary axial color (LSAC) effects of a refractive optical system on the polychromatic PSF. The configuration of the LCSLM has been optimized to obtain a good amplitude transmission in polychromatic light. Agreement between experimental and simulated results shows the feasibility of our proposal.

Symmetry properties with pupil phase-filters.

Pupil filters can modify the three dimensional response of an optical system. In this paper, we study different pupil symmetries that produce a predictable image behavior. We show that different pupil-filters that satisfy certain symmetry conditions can produce axial responses which are either identical or mirror reflected. We also establish the differences in the symmetry properties between amplitude-only filters and phase-only filters. In particular, we are interested in phase filters that produce transverse superresolution with axial superresolution or high depth of focus.

Amplitude Apodizers Encoded onto Fresnel Lenses Implemented on a Phase-Only Spatial Light Modulator.

We show that both a lens and a nonuniform amplitude transmission filter can be encoded simultaneously onto a twisted nematic liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) working in the phase-only mode. The inherent equivalent apodization that is due to the pixelated structure of the SLM is compensated for. In addition, different types of nonuniform transmission pupil such as transverse apodizing, transverse hyperresolving, and axial hyperresolving (multifocusing) filters are implemented. The excellent agreement between numerical and experimental results shows the capability of this method to encode amplitude apodizers on a phase-only SLM.

Inherent apodization of lenses encoded on liquid-crystal spatial light modulators.

Focusing diffractive optical elements encoded in liquid-crystal spatial light modulators yields an inherent equivalent apodization of the focused spot as a result of the pixelated nature of these devices and the finite extent of each pixel. We present a theoretical explanation for and experimental evidence of this effect. We demonstrate an experimental procedure for measuring the apodization and a method to compensate for this effect.

Programmable axial apodizing and hyperresolving amplitude filters with a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator.

Amplitude-transmitting filters for apodizing and hyperresolving applications can be easily implemented by use of a two-dimensional programmable liquid-crystal spatial light modulator operating in a transmission-only mode. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. This approach can permit the analysis of various filter designs and can allow the filters to be changed rapidly to modify the response of an optical system.

Achilleo-calcaneal vascular network.

This study investigates the vascularization of the Achilles tendon in 32 lower limbs of human neonates by injecting colored latex with subsequent microdissection. Because of its biomechanical significance (achilleo-calcaneal-plantar system) and the lack of descriptions in the literature, we analyzed the vascularization of the attachment area in the calcaneus, describing the achilleo-calcaneal vascular network, which is always well supplied in contrast to other tendinous areas.

Control of the polychromatic response of an optical system through the use of annular color filters.

The use of annular color filters as a tool to modify the polychromatic response of an optical system is investigated. The introduction of filters with transmission that depends on the wavelength produces a significant modification of the chromaticity response. In contrast, the position in the pupil of the annuli in which the color filters are placed modifies mainly the illuminance response. The influence of different types of annular color filter on the transverse and axial responses of the aberration-free system is studied.

Predicting the solubility of drugs in solvent mixtures: multiple solubility maxima and the chameleonic effect.

An approach to reproduce the solubility profile of a drug in several solvent mixtures showing two solubility maxima is proposed in this work. The solubility of sulphamethoxypyridazine was determined at 25 degrees C in several mixtures of varying polarity (hexane:ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate:ethanol and ethanol:water). Sulphamethoxypyridazine was chosen as a model drug because of its proton-donor and proton-acceptor properties. A plot of the mole fraction of the drug vs the solubility parameter of the solvent mixtures shows two solubility peaks. The two peaks found for sulphamethoxypyridazine demonstrate the chameleonic effect as described by Hoy and suggest that the solute-solvent interaction does not vary uniformly from one mixture to another. The different behaviour of the drug in mixtures of two proton-donor and proton-acceptor solvents (alcohol and water), and in mixtures of one proton acceptor (ethyl acetate) and one proton donor-proton acceptor (ethanol) is rationalized in terms of differences in the proton donor-acceptor ability of the solvent mixtures. An approach based on the acidic and basic partial solubility parameters together with the Hildebrand solubility parameter of the solvent mixtures is developed to reproduce the experimental results quantitatively. The equation predicts the two solubility maxima as found experimentally, and the calculated values closely correspond to the experimental values through the range composition of the solvent mixtures. These results show that the chameleonic effect can be described in a quantitative way in terms of Lewis acid-base interactions; this approach can assist the product formulator to choose the proper solvent mixture for a new drug.

Polychromatic axial behavior of axial apodizing and hyperresolving filters.

The polychromatic behavior in defocused planes produced by different types of axial apodizing and hyperresolvingfilter is studied. The image quality is determined by comparing the illuminance and chromaticity distributions of the aberration free system with different filters and without a filter. The comparison is done in equivalent planes according to the normalized illuminance.

QUIMICA

QUE ES LA QUIMICA. ESTRUCTURA DE LOS ATOMOS. COMO SE COMBINA LOS ATOMOS Y LOS COMPUESTOS. FORMULAS QUIMICAS Y NOMENCLATURA QUIMICA. NATURALEZA DE LAS REACCIONES QUIMICAS.

QUIMICA

QUIMICA ORGANICA. QUIMICA DE LOS PROCESOS VIVIENTES. RELACION ENTRE LA QUIMICA Y LA MEDICINA. RELACION ENTRE LA QUIMICA Y LOS ALIMENTOS. EL ROL DE LA INDUSTRIA QUIMICA.