Estradiol-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Migration Are Inhibited by Blocking c-Src Kinase in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

PURPOSE: The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the main event that favors cell migration and metastasis in breast cancer. Previously, we demonstrated that 1 nM estradiol (E2) promotes EMT, induced by c-Src kinase, causing changes in the localization of proteins that compose the tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ). METHODS: The present work highlights the central role of c-Src in the initiation of metastasis, induced by E2, through increasing the ability of MCF-7 and T47-D cells, which express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), to migrate and invade before they become metastatic. RESULTS: Treatment with E2 can activate two signaling pathways, the first one by the phosphorylated c-Src (p-Src) which forms the p-Src/E-cadherin complex. This phenomenon was completely prevented by incubation with a selective inhibitor of c-Src (5 µM PP2). p-Src then promotes the downregulation of E-cadherin and occludin, which are epithelial phenotype marker proteins of the AJ and TJ, respectively. In the second pathway, E2 binds to ERα, creating a complex that translocates to the nucleus, inducing the synthesis of SNAIL1 and N-cadherin proteins, markers of the mesenchymal phenotype. Both processes increased the migratory and invasive capacities of both cell lines. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrate that E2 enhance EMT and migration, through c-Src activation, in human breast cancer cells that express ERα and become potential therapeutic targets.

Identification and validation of novel Blastocystis subtype ST41 in a Colombian patient undergoing colorectal cancer screening.

Blastocystis sp. is among the most frequent intestinal protists identified in humans globally. However, characterization of Blastocystis subtype diversity in humans is ongoing. We report here the identification of novel Blastocystis subtype ST41 in a Colombian patient undergoing colorectal cancer screening involving colonoscopy and fecal testing (microscopy, culture, PCR). The full-length ssu rRNA gene sequence of the protist was generated using MinION long-read sequencing technology. The validity of the novel subtype was confirmed via phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses of the full-length ST41 sequence and all other valid subtypes. The study provides reference material essential for conducting subsequent experimental studies.

Angiosarcoma gastrointestinal multifocal, con compromiso extenso de estómago, intestino delgado y colon. Reporte de un caso / Multifocal gastrointestinal angiosarcoma, with extensive gastric, small intestine and colon involvement. A case report

Introducción. El angiosarcoma es una neoplasia vascular originada a nivel del endotelio, de baja frecuencia, conocido por su agresividad y crecimiento acelerado. Alcanza solo el 1 al 2 % del total de los sarcomas. La presentación gastrointestinal es infrecuente y su incidencia es poco conocida debido al escaso reporte de casos en la literatura. Suele identificarse en etapas avanzadas debido a la dificultad del diagnóstico histopatológico por sus características morfológicas, siendo necesario aplicar tinciones especiales o estudio inmunohistoquímico. Caso clínico. Por su interés y singularidad, presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 54 años, quien consultó con hemorragia digestiva profusa, anemización y requerimiento de terapia transfusional. Resultados. Durante el proceso diagnóstico, en la endoscopia encontraron diversas lesiones multifocales que se extendían por gran parte del tracto gastrointestinal. El estudio histopatológico mostró angiosarcoma gastrointestinal. Discusión. El angiosarcoma del tracto gastrointestinal es extremadamente infrecuente, de difícil diagnóstico y bajas posibilidades de manejo curativo, con opciones terapéuticas limitadas, lo que configura un mal pronóstico a corto plazo

Introduction. Angiosarcoma is a vascular neoplasm originating from endothelial cells, known for its aggressiveness, accelerated growth and reduced frequency. Reach only 1 to 2% of total sarcomas. Gastrointestinal presentation is extremely rare, the true incidence is poorly known, due to the limited reports of this entity in the literature. It is usually identified in advanced stages in view of the difficulty of the histopathological diagnosis, attributable to its morphological characteristics, being necessary to apply special stains or immunohistochemical study. Case report. Due to their interest and uniqueness, we present the case of a 54-year-old male patient, who presented with a profuse gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, and requirement for transfusion therapy. Results. The endoscopy detected several multifocal lesions that extended most of the gastrointestinal tract. The histopathological study showed gastrointestinal angiosarcoma. Discussion. Angiosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract is extremely uncommon, difficult to diagnose and has low possibilities of curative management, with limited therapeutic options, which configures a poor prognosis in the short term

Complicaciones asociadas al reservorio ileal en colitis ulcerativa versus poliposis familiar adenomatosa: Impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente / Ileal reservoir-associated complications in ulcerative colitis versus familial adenomatous polyposis: Impact on patient quality of life

Antecedentes: La proctocolectomía con reservorio es el procedimiento quirúrgico de elección para los pacientes con colitis ulcerosa y poliposis adenomatosa familiar. Objetivos: Evaluar las complicaciones posoperatorias a largo plazo (1994-2019) en pacientes operados por poliposis familiar adenomatosa (PFA) y colitis ulcerativa (CU) y el grado de satisfacción con la intervención. Métodos: Estudio observacional basado en el análisis de una base de datos retrospectiva con seguimiento prospectivo en 115 pacientes consecutivos: 79 con CU y 36 con PFA. Se ha realizado el seguimiento de un total de 88 pacientes, 60 con CU y 28 con PFA. Resultados: Se evaluaron 48 varones (54,4%) con una edad media de 44,8 ± 10,6 años. Las indicaciones para la cirugía fueron enfermedad intratable en 54 pacientes (47%), displasia/cáncer en 43 (37%), sangrado severo en cuatro (4%) y perforación en tres (3%). Se realizó una proctectomía y mucosectomía del muñón rectal en 67 (76,1%), y una técnica de doble grapado en 21. Se realizó una ileostomía protectora en todos los pacientes con CU y PFA. No se encontraron diferencias en las complicaciones tempranas entre los dos grupos. Las complicaciones tardías mostraron una mayor tasa de reservoritis en los pacientes de la CU respecto a la PFA (44,9 vs. 14,3%, p = 0,001), con más reservoritis refractaria en el grupo de la CU (13,3 vs. 0%, p = 0,04) sin diferencias en cuanto a obstrucción intestinal, estenosis o fístulas anastomóticas. La satisfacción general y la adaptación se consideraron buenas en el 87% de los pacientes con CU y solo en el 57% del grupo de PFA (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: La proctocolectomía con reservorio ileal tiene una morbilidad y mortalidad comparables, excepto por la mayor tasa de reservoritis en los pacientes con antecedentes de CU, a pesar de esta contingencia hay una mejor calidad de vida y mayor aceptación de la cirugía en los pacientes con CU que en los pacientes con PFA.(AU)

Background: Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Objectives: To evaluate long-term postoperative complications (1994-2019) in patients operated for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and the degree of satisfaction with the procedure. Methods: Observational study based on the analysis of a retrospective database with prospective follow-up in 115 consecutive patients: 79 with UC and 36 with FAP. A total of 88 patients were followed up, 60 with UC and 28 with PFA. Results: 48 males (54.4%) with a mean age of 44.8 ± 10.6 years were evaluated. Indications for surgery were intractable disease in 54 patients (47%), dysplasia/cancer in 43 (37%), severe bleeding in 4 (4%) and perforation in 3 (3%). A proctectomy and mucosectomy of the rectal stump was performed in 67 (76.1%), and a double stapling technique in 21. A protective ileostomy was performed in all patients with UC and FAP. No differences were found in early complications between the two groups. Late complications showed a higher rate of reservoritis in UC patients compared to FAP (44.9 vs. 14.3%, p = 0.001), with more refractory reservoritis in the UC group (13.3 vs. 0%, p = 0.04) with no differences in bowel obstruction, strictures, or anastomotic fistulas. Overall satisfaction and adaptation were considered good in 87% of UC patients and only 57% in the FAP group (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir has comparable morbidity and mortality, except for the higher rate of reservoritis in patients with a history of UC, despite this contingency there is a better quality of life and greater acceptance of surgery in UC patients than in FAP patients.(AU)

Ileal reservoir-associated complications in ulcerative colitis versus familial adenomatous polyposis: Impact on patient quality of life. / Complicaciones asociadas al reservorio ileal en colitis ulcerativa versus poliposis familiar adenomatosa: Impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente.

BACKGROUND: Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate long-term postoperative complications (1994-2019) in patients operated for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and the degree of satisfaction with the procedure. METHODS: Observational study based on the analysis of a retrospective database with prospective follow-up in 115 consecutive patients: 79 with UC and 36 with FAP. A total of 88 patients were followed up, 60 with UC and 28 with PFA. RESULTS: 48 males (54.4%) with a mean age of 44.8 ± 10.6 years were evaluated. Indications for surgery were intractable disease in 54 patients (47%), dysplasia/cancer in 43 (37%), severe bleeding in 4 (4%) and perforation in 3 (3%). A proctectomy and mucosectomy of the rectal stump was performed in 67 (76.1%), and a double stapling technique in 21. A protective ileostomy was performed in all patients with UC and FAP. No differences were found in early complications between the two groups. Late complications showed a higher rate of reservoritis in UC patients compared to FAP (44.9 vs. 14.3%, p = 0.001), with more refractory reservoritis in the UC group (13.3 vs. 0%, p = 0.04) with no differences in bowel obstruction, strictures, or anastomotic fistulas. Overall satisfaction and adaptation were considered good in 87% of UC patients and only 57% in the FAP group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir has comparable morbidity and mortality, except for the higher rate of reservoritis in patients with a history of UC, despite this contingency there is a better quality of life and greater acceptance of surgery in UC patients than in FAP patients.

[Helicobacter pylori detection patterns and related injuries through Sydney Protocol in a population of Antioquia, Colombia]. / Patrones de detección de Helicobacter pylori y lesiones relacionadas mediante protocolo Sydney en una población de Antioquia, Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether the endoscopies that met the Sydney protocol in a population of Antioquia had a greater detection of H. pylori and their associated lesions than the endoscopies that only took antrum samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study. Adult patients undergoing upper endoscopy were included. Patients were divided into two groups depending on Sydney protocol compliance. The detection frequency was measured for H. pylori and premalignant lesions. RESULTS: 261 participants were included, 88 from which biopsies were taken with the Sydney protocol and 173 with biopsies taken exclusively from the gastric antrum. The main endoscopy indication was dyspepsia (35.6%). The detection of H. pylori, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia was 36.4%, 19.3% and 20.5% respectively in the Sydney group, and 30.1%, 11.6% and 9.8% in the control group. In the Sydney group, the detection of H. pylori was higher in the antrum and body (26.1%) than in antrum (6.8%) or body (3.4%) separately. The detection of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia was higher in antrum only (10.2% and 11.4% respectively) than in antrum and body or body separately. CONCLUSIONS: The omission of the Sydney protocol reduces the detection of H. pylori, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia by 9.4%, 29.4% and 27.7% respectively. The protocol must be implemented systematically in every gastrointestinal endoscopy center.

Patrones de detección de Helicobacter pylori y lesiones relacionadas mediante protocolo Sydney en una población de Antioquia, Colombia

Objetivos: Se buscó determinar si las endoscopias que cumplieron el protocolo Sydney en una población de Antioquia tuvieron una detección mayor de H. pylori y sus lesiones asociadas que las endoscopias que sólo tomaron muestras de antro. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, trasversal y descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos sometidos a endoscopia superior. Se dividieron los pacientes en dos grupos según si se siguió o no el protocolo Sydney y se midió la frecuencia de detección de H. pylori, y lesiones premalignas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 261 participantes, a 88 se les tomó el protocolo de Sydney y a 173 se les tomaron muestras exclusivamente de antro gástrico. La indicación principal de endoscopia fue dispepsia (35,6%). La detección de H. pylori, gastritis atrófica y metaplasia intestinal fue del 36,4%, 19,3% y 20,5% respectivamente en el grupo Sydney, y 30,1%, 11,6% y 9,8% en el grupo control. En el grupo Sydney, la detección de H. pylori fue mayor en antro y cuerpo (26,1%) que en antro (6,8%) o cuerpo (3,4%) por separado. La detección de gastritis atrófica y metaplasia intestinal fue mayor en antro solamente (10,2% y 11,4% respectivamente) que en antro y cuerpo o cuerpo por separado. Conclusiones: La omisión del protocolo Sydney reduce la detección de H. pylori, gastritis atrófica y metaplasia intestinal en un 9,4%, 29,4% y 27,7% respectivamente. Se debe implementar el protocolo sistemáticamente en todo centro de endoscopia digestiva.

Objectives: We sought to determine whether the endoscopies that met the Sydney protocol in a population of Antioquia had a greater detection of H. pylori and their associated lesions than the endoscopies that only took antrum samples. Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study. Adult patients undergoing upper endoscopy were included. Patients were divided into two groups depending on Sydney protocol compliance. The detection frequency was measured for H. pylori and premalignant lesions. Results: 261 participants were included, 88 from which biopsies were taken with the Sydney protocol and 173 with biopsies taken exclusively from the gastric antrum. The main endoscopy indication was dyspepsia (35.6%). The detection of H. pylori, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia was 36.4%, 19.3% and 20.5% respectively in the Sydney group, and 30.1%, 11.6% and 9.8% in the control group. In the Sydney group, the detection of H. pylori was higher in the antrum and body (26.1%) than in antrum (6.8%) or body (3.4%) separately. The detection of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia was higher in antrum only (10.2% and 11.4% respectively) than in antrum and body or body separately. Conclusions: The omission of the Sydney protocol reduces the detection of H. pylori, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia by 9.4%, 29.4% and 27.7% respectively. The protocol must be implemented systematically in every gastrointestinal endoscopy center.

Surgical site infection in abdominal trauma patients: risk prediction and performance of the NNIS and SENIC indexes.

BACKGROUND: The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) and Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) indexes are designed to develop control strategies and to reduce morbidity and mortality rates resulting from infections in surgical patients. We sought to assess the application of these indexes in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal trauma and to develop an alternative model to predict surgical site infections (SSIs). METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study between November 2000 and March 2002. The main outcome measure was SSIs. We evaluated the variables included in the NNIS and SENIC indexes and some preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables that could be risk factors related to the development of SSIs. We performed multivariate analyses using a forward logistic regression method. Finally, we assessed infection risk prediction, comparing the estimated probabilities with actual occurrence using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Overall, 614 patients underwent an exploratory laparotomy. Of these, 85 (13.8%) experienced deep incisional and organ/intra-abdominal SSIs. The independent variables associated with this complication were an Abdominal Trauma Index score greater than 24, abdominal contamination and admission to the intensive care unit. We proposed a model for predicting deep incisional and organ/intra-abdominal SSIs using these variables (alternative model). The areas under the ROC curves were compared using the estimated probabilities for this alternative model and for the NNIS and SENIC scores. The analysis revealed a greater area under the ROC curve for the alternative model. The NNIS and SENIC scores did not perform as well as the alternative model in patients with abdominal trauma. CONCLUSION: The NNIS and SENIC indexes were inferior to the proposed alternative model for predicting SSIs in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal trauma.

Genotypic variation in morphology and freezing resistance of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings subjected to drought hardening in nursery / Variación genotípica en la morfología y resistencia a la congelación del Eucalyptus globulus a la sequía sometido al endurecimiento en vivero

Eucalyptus globulus Labill is one of the most planted species in Chile, because of its fast growth and superior pulp qualities. Nevertheless, the incidence of drought and frost damage immediately after planting is frequent. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of drought hardening on frost resistance and on variations in morphological traits that may increase drought resistance at nursery phase in four genotypes of E. globulus Labill. Drought hardening treatments consisted in induced water stress by watering restriction, until pre-dawn stem xylem water potentials (Psi pd) reached -0.2, -1.8 and -2.6 MPa. Two water stress-rewatering cycles were applied during 54 days of hardening. Plant and root biomasses were affected by the interaction of drought hardening and genotypes. The rest of morphological and alometrical traits were affected independently by drought or genotype. Plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), stem, and leaf biomasses decreased with drought hardening, while collar diameter was not affected. Genotypes responded differentially to drought hardening in plant height, leaf area, SLA, and stem, and leaf biomasses. Ice nucleation temperature (INT), and freezing temperatures (FRT), and 50 percent freezing damage index of leaves (LT50) were affected by the interaction between drought hardening and genotypes. EG-13, EG-23 and EG-22 genotypes became freezing tolerant with drought hardening (-2.6 MPa). Additionally, EG-14 genotype increased its freezing resistance at -1.8 MPa. Therefore, freezing resistance levels and mechanism depend on genotype and drought hardening treatment. The success in tree breeding by genetic selection should be facilitated by improved understanding of the physiology of stress resistance development and survival during water supply limitations. The knowledge of morphological and freezing resistance dependency on the interaction between genotype and drought hardening may be useful...

Niveles séricos de procalcitonina y sepsis en el posoperatorio inmediato de diversos tipos de cirugía / Serum procalcitonin levels and sepsis during the immediate postoperative period in several types of surgery

Introducción: la procalcitonina (PCT) es un marcador que ha demostrado ser útil en el diagnóstico de infecciones bacterianas. Considerando que algunas cirugías como la cardiaca inducen liberación de PCT, se necesitan múltiples estudios que demuestren su utilidad en estas circunstancias.Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad discriminatoria de la PCT ntre el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SRIS) con sepsis y sin sepsis, en el periodo posoperatorio temprano para un valor de PCT mayor a 2 ng/ml.Material y métodos: evaluamos 119 pacientes con SRIS en las primeras 72 horas de posoperatorio. Se midió los niveles séricos de PCT semicuantitativa y se realizo seguimiento a los pacientes para clasificarlos en SRIS con sepsis y SRIS sin sepsis basados en el protocolo de sepsis de la Fundación Cardio-Infantil de Bogotá.Resultados: la sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de sepsis con procalcitonina de > 2 ng/ml fue de 28 por ciento y especificidad de 68 por ciento. La mortalidad global de la población fue 11,7 por ciento encontrándose asociación con los niveles de procalcitonina dado por un OR 5.20 (IC 95 por ciento limites 1.42 – 19.86).Discusión: las características demográficas de la población son reflejo de las características y estadísticas institucionales. Los resultados difieren de la literatura probablemente por el uso de procalcitonina semicuantitativa y no LUMI-test®, además de los tipos de cirugía incluidos. Estas observaciones deben ser confirmadas por otros estudios.Conclusión: la medición de procalcitonina semicuantitativa no es una herramienta útil en discriminar pacientes sépticos de los no sépticos en posoperatorio temprano.

Changes in morpho-physiological attributes of Eucalyptus globulus plants in response to different drought hardening treatments

Morpho-physiological attributes exhibited in response to drought hardening at the end of the growing season of Eucalyptus globulus Labill under nursery conditions were studied to evaluate the effect of three drought hardening treatments in morpho-physiological traits used as suitable indicators of drought hardiness, such as, plant growth, root growth potential, plant water relationships and survival. Freezing resistance of drought hardened plants was also studied in order to evaluate cross hardening effects in cuttings of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Drought hardening consisted in induced water stress by watering restriction, until plant stem xylem water potentials (psipd) reached to-0.2, -1.3 and -2.4 MPa. Two water stress-rewatering cycles were applied during 54 days of treatment. The hardening treatments caused a significant reduction in plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, plant, leaf, stem and root biomass. However, stem diameter was not affected. Root growth potential increased with the exposure to moderate water stress (-1.3 MPa). Drought hardening treatments have not effect on water relationship parameters such as saturation osmotic potential (psipisat), volumetric module of elasticity (e), relative water content (RWCtlp) and osmotic potential (psitlp) at the turgor loss point. Only 1.7 percent and 6 percent of dehydrated dead plants were observed on treatments at -1.3 and -2.4 MPa respectively. Finally, the freezing damage index of leaves (LT50) was not significantly affected by drought hardening treatments. Furthermore, a reduction of 1.1ºC of supercooling capacity was observed at -2.4 MPa. As a conclusion, drought hardening is an important step of plants production programs during the final phase of nursery, because changes in morphological attributes caused by exposure to moderate drought, enable the plants to maintain the balance between transpiration and absorption areas and increase the capacity of plants to generate n...

Resistance to freezing in three Eucalyptus globulus Labill subspecies

The resistance to low temperatures was assessed in seedlings of three subspecies of E. globulus (ssp globulus, ssp bicostata and ssp maidenii) of two different provenances. Lethal temperature 50 (LT50) was obtained by measuring the electrolytic conductivity, nucleation and freezing temperatures were obtained by thermal analysis and the total soluble carbohydrates concentration was determined through the phenol-sulphuric method. Results showed that the most resistant provenance corresponded to Bolaro Mountain of ssp maidenii with a LT50 lower than -9ºC. The provenance Moogora of ssp globulus, had a LT50 of -8.47ºC, which situates it, as the second most resistant to low temperatures. According to the nucleation and freezing temperatures, the results indicate that all the provenances analyzed evaded the formation of ice, except for Bolaro Mountain of ssp maidenii which was tolerant to freezing. Finally, an inverse correlation (r = -0.89) between the content of total soluble carbohydrates and the LT50 was found, indicating the cryoprotection effect of these in the resistance to low temperatures.