La singularidad de los maxilares dentro del sistema esquelético / Singularity of the jaws within the skeletal system

En la odontología es frecuente que se describa la peculiaridad de los huesos maxilares en cuanto a la resistencia a las infecciones en comparación con otros huesos de la economía. O que se plantée un desafío cuando es necesario tomar una decisión acerca de aplicar diferentes conductas terapéuticas en pacientes con patologías óseas sistémicas. Por ello, esta actualización tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión de la bibliografía para integrar y evidenciar las diferencias y similitudes entre los diferentes huesos de la economía haciendo hincapié en los huesos maxilares. Si bien éstos poseen una gran cantidad de similitudes con el resto de los huesos, también presentan diferencias que los hacen entidades únicas dentro del sistema esquelético como el origen embriológico en las células de las crestas neurales, su alta tasa de remodelación, sin olvidar que estos huesos alojan a órganos que poseen una parte de su estructura en el medio interno y otra porción en medio externo de la cavidad bucal: las piezas dentarias (AU)

Effect of monosodium olpadronate on osteoclasts and megakaryocytes: an in vivo study.

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used to treat several bone pathologies. Their action on bone cells depends on cell lineage, promoting or preventing apoptosis in osteoclastic and osteoblastic lineage respectively. Bone cells and bone marrow (BM) are closely related. Bone marrow megakaryocytes regulate bone turn-over. The objective of this in vivo experimental work was to evaluate the effect of olpadronate (OPD) on osteoclasts (Ocs) and megakaryocytes (Mks) using histomorphometric, histochemical, and immunohistochemical methods. Healthy female Wistar rats were used: experimental and Sham animals received OPD or vehicle during five weeks. After sacrifice, kidneys, liver, spleen, femurs and tibiae were dissected and fixed for histological processing. H and E, histochemical detection of TRAP and immunohistochemical detection of TUNEL and RANKL were performed. Results showed increased bone volume and number of Ocs, larger Ocs with more nuclei, increase in Oc apoptosis, and loss of polarity in OPD-treated animals. Statistically significant association was found between apoptotic morphology and RANKL expression in Ocs. BM and spleen showed a significant increase in Mk number. The number of RANKL+Ocs and MKs per unit area increased. The increase in Oc apoptosis did not counteract the increase in Oc recruitment thus resulting in an increase in Oc number. Ocs recruitment could be associated with RANKL expression in Mks and apoptotic Ocs. The effect of OPD and other BPs on Mks should be investigated further to elucidate the mechanism by which BPs act on the bone-bone marrow functional unit, and understand the therapeutic implications of BPs.

Granuloma periférico de células gigantes: análisis inmunohistoquímico de la población celular en tres casos clínicos / Peripheral giant cell granuloma: immunohistochemical analysis of different markers. Study of three cases

El granuloma periférico de células gigantes (GPCG) es una lesión de tejido blando no neoplásica ocasionada por una reacción hiperplásica a consecuencia de un traumatismo o inflamación. Es una lesión reactiva del tejido blando que se desarrolla exclusivamente en la cavidad oral y con una ligera predilección en el sexo femenino. La localización habitual de GPCG es en la región de los premolares y la mucosa de la cresta alveolar edéntula. Se presentan tres casos con GPCG (dos hombres y una mujer) con una edad comprendida entre los 25 y 35años. Todos los pacientes se trataron con resección quirúrgica y ninguno sufrió recidivas. Con el propósito de determinar el posible origen de las células estromales mononucleares y de las células gigantes multinucleares, las muestras de cada caso se estudiaron mediante inmunohistoquímica (marcadores CD-68, CD-34 y α-1antitripsina) con el fin de evaluar la expresión del linaje endotelial y del linaje monocito/macrófago. Los resultados inmunohistoquímicos mostraron una marcada positividad difusa de CD-68 en las células estromales mononucleares y en las células gigantes multinucleadas. Estas últimas resultaron ser inmunonegativas para CD-34 y sólo puntualmente positivas para α-1 antitripsina. Estos resultados sugieren que las células gigantes multinucleares poseen un fenotipo osteoclástico, proviniendo del linaje monocito/macrófago, y que no derivan del linaje de las células endoteliales de los capilares. Se establece la importancia de un exhaustivo diagnóstico y de una exéresis quirúrgica completa de la lesión (curetaje óseo) con el propósito de evitar la reabsorción del diente y hueso adyacente (AU)

Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a non-neoplastic lesion representing a local hyperplastic reaction to injury or inflammation. It is known to be a reactive soft tissue lesion that develops only within the oral cavity, with a slightly predilection for female sex. The usual localization for PGCG is the premolar region and the crest of the edentulous ridge. This study presents three cases of PGCG, including 2 male and 1 female, with an age comprised between 25 and 35 years. All patients were treated with resection biopsy and no one relapsed. With the aim of determine the probable origin of stromal mononuclear cells and multinuclear giant cells, each case was then studied by immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of endothelial and monocyte/macrophage lineage. Immunohistochemical results showed a strong diffuse positivity for CD-68 in round mononuclear stromal cells and in multinucleate giant cells. These latter were immunonegative for CD-34 and only focally positive for α-1 antitrypsin. These results suggest that multinucleated giant cell shows an osteoclast phenotype and that probably derive from monocyte/macrophage lineage and that do not derive from the endothelial cells of the capillary. In second instance, we underlined the importance of an exhaustive dia (AU)

Influence of a protein concentrate from Amaranthus cruentus seeds on lipid metabolism.

It is widely known that elevated cholesterol and triglycerides levels favor the development of heart disease. In this paper we studied the effect of a protein concentrate from Amaranthus cruentus (Ac) on the lipid content in serum and liver tissue of male Wistar rats. The animals were separated into two groups, each group with 16 rats. The control diet had casein as protein source (CD), and the experimental one had Ac protein concentrate (PCAcD). The diets contained 1% cholesterol. Parameters of oxidative stress in liver with CD and PCAcD were also evaluated. No significant differences were observed in serum total cholesterol, whereas LDL decreased and HDL increased (P < 0.001), and the amount of triglycerides decreased in PCAcD as compared to CD. In liver, a decrease of total cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.001) was observed in the experimental group in relation to control. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity decreased significantly in the experimental group. The mRNA of HMG-CoA reductase did not change, and mRNA of FAS decreased in rat liver fed with PCAcD compared with CD. The excretion of total lipids in feces increased with PCAcD compared to CD (P < 0.001). The activity of reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid in liver showed no significant differences between the control and experimental diets. However, total glutathione and reduced glutathione increased in PCAcD compared to CD (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that PCAcD has a hypotriglyceridemic effect, affects the metabolism of liver lipids, and increases parameters of antioxidant protection in male Wistar rats.

Efecto de dos antioxidantes en la supervivencia, las actividades neurológicas y la función mitocondrial de ratones senescentes / Effect of two antioxidants on survival, neurological activities and mitochondrial function in senescent mice

Objetivos: valorar la influencia de tratamientos crónicos con los antioxidantes vitamina E y tioprolina en: a) la supervivencia de ratones; b) la actividad neurológica de los animales envejecidos, y c) la disminución de actividades enzimáticas mitocondriales y el daño oxidativo mitocondrial asociados al proceso de envejecimiento. Material y método: los ratones recibieron desde la semana 28 de vida, y durante toda su vida, una suplementación en la dieta de vitamina E (5 g de acetato de dl-*-tocoferol/kg de comida) o de tioprolina (2 g de l-4-ácido tiazolidín carboxílico/kg de comida). Para evaluar la actividad neurológica los ratones se sometieron cada 2 semanas a 2 pruebas de comportamiento. En mitocondrias aisladas de cerebro se determinó el daño oxidativo, medido como proteínas o lípidos oxidados, así como por disminución de las actividades enzimáticas NADH-citocromo c reductasa, succinato-citocromo c reductasa, citocromo oxidasa y óxido nítrico sintasa mitocondrial (mtNOS). Resultados: la expectativa de vida de los ratones macho aumentó después de la suplementación con vitamina E en un 34-34% (vida media y longevidad máxima, respectivamente), y después de la suplementación con tioprolina en un 33-24%. La vitamina E y la tioprolina fueron efectivas en la disminución de los marcadores mitocondriales de daño oxidativo (TBARS y carbonilos proteínicos), y en el retardo de la disminución de las actividades enzimáticas y neurológicas asociadas al envejecimiento. Conclusiones: las actividades enzimáticas de mtNOS, NADH deshidrogenasa y citocromo oxidasa pueden usarse como indicadores de tratamientos efectivos del déficit neurológico asociado al envejecimiento

Aims: the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chronic treatments with the antioxidants vitamin E and thioproline on: 1) survival in mice; 2) the neurological activities of aged animals; and 3) the decreased mitochondrial enzymatic activities and oxidative damage associated with the ageing process. Material and method: mice received food supplemented with vitamin E (5 g dl-*-tocopherol acetate/kg of food) or with thioproline l-4-thioproline/kg (2 g l-4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid/kg of food) from 28 weeks of age and during their entire lifespan. To evaluate neurological activity the animals underwent two behavioural tests every 15 days from weeks 28 to 76 of age. Oxidative damage to isolated brain mitochondria was evaluated by determining protein and lipid oxidation products and mitochondrial enzyme activities: NADH-cytochrome c reductase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase, and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS). Results: lifespan was increased in male mice by 34-34% (mean and maximal lifespan, respectively) after supplementation with 5 g vitamin E/kg food and by 33-24% (mean and maximal lifespan, respectively) after supplementation with 2 g thioproline/kg food. Vitamin E and thioproline were effective in decreasing the level of markers of oxidative damage (TBARS and protein carbonyls) in isolated mitochondria and in delaying the decreases in mitochondrial enzyme activities and the loss of neurological function associated with ageing. Conclusions: the activities of mtNOS, NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase can be used as indicators of the effectiveness of treatments for age-dependent neurological impairment

Comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of Amaranthus cruentus flour and its protein concentrate.

Plants constitute an alternative source of proteins in the human diet, with advantages over animal proteins because of their low content of saturated fats and absence of cholesterol. Within the framework of a wider research project on the role of Amaranthus cruentus (Ac) in lipid metabolism, in this work the chemical composition and biological value of the Ac flour and its protein concentrate were compared. Proximate chemical composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, some antinutrient factors, and biological values were determined for Ac seed flour and its protein concentrate obtained by extraction at pH 11 and precipitation at pH 4.5. The flour protein content was 16.6 g% while that of the concentrate was 52.56 g%. The content of the soluble dietary fiber with a hypolipemic function was notably higher in the protein concentrate (12.90 g%) than in the seed flour (4.29 g%). The protein concentrate also exhibited a higher content of insoluble dietary fiber. The Ac flour and the concentrate contain 75.44 and 56.95% unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Squalene, which affects the biosynthesis of cholesterol, was detected both in the flour and the concentrate oils, with a higher content in the concentrate (9.53%) as compared to the flour (6.23%). Comparison of the amino acid composition with the FAO pattern protein indicated that the concentrate does not have limiting amino acids, while the flour has leucine, threonine, and valine. The content of lysine was high in both the flour and the concentrate, making these products particularly useful as a complement for cereal flour, which is deficient in this amino acid. The biological quality analysis demonstrated an improvement in the quality of the concentrate. The presence of saponins, phytic acid, and trypsin inhibitors in the concentrate, which favor the metabolism of lipids, suggests that consumption of the concentrate might reduce the risk of heart disease.

[Chemical composition of 2 wild vegetable species compared with chard]. / Estudio de la composición química, de dos especies vegetales silvestres en comparación con acelga.

The nutritional quality of two wild vegetable species, Kochia scoparia (Ks) and Chenopodium album (Cha) was evaluated and compared with Beta vulgaris var. cicla(chard) (Bv), in order to propose their domestication as alternative protein sources. Chemical percentual analysis (AOAC), gaseous chromatography fatty acid determination, and antinutrient searching (by chemical, enzymatic and immunological method) were performed. Protein quality was determined by the following indexes: net protein utilization (NPU), true digestibility (tD) and biological value (BV). The three species exhibited similar protein concentration values, 25.8, 25.0 and 22.1 g/100 g for Ks, Cha and Bv, respectively. Kochia scoparia showed the highest value for fatty acid analysis (82%), with predominance of linolenic acid. Since the samples were subjected to boiling, the amounts of antinutrients found can be considered to be within levels not affecting health. As regards the biological quality, the obtained values for Ks, Cha and Bv, respectively, were: NPU: 68.0 +/- 0.4, 55.0 +/- 6.1 and 56.0 +/- 4.2; tD 70.0 +/- 0.7, 71.0 +/- 4.0 and 76.0 +/- 8.2; BV: 97, 77 and 74. The analysis of the biological quality indexes gave highest nitrogen profit for Ks. These results indicate that Kochia scoparia is suitable for the objective proposed.

Estudio de la composición química, de dos especies vegetales silvestres en comparación com acelga / The study of the chemical composition of 2 wild vegetable species in comparison with chard

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad nutricional de dos especies vegetales silvestres Kochia scoparia (Ks) y Chenoposium album (Cha) y comparalas con Beta vulgaris var. cicla (acelga) (Bv), con la finalidad de proponer la domesticación de las mismas, para introducirlas como fuente proteica alternativa. Se realizó la evaluación químico porcentual (AOAC), determinación de ácidos grasos por cromatografía gaseosa, la investigacón de antinutrientes (Métodos químicos, enzimáticos e inmunológicos) y mediante 'los índices de utilización proteica (NPU), digestibilidad verdadera (tD) y valor biológico (BV) (Miller y Bender), se determinó la calidad proteica. Se trabajó con muestras sometidas a cocción. El estudio de la concentración proteica, reveló valores similares para los tres vegetales Ks 25.8, Cha 25.0, Bv 22.1 g/100 g. Del análisis de ácidos grasos se observó un alto porcentaje de ácidos grasos insaturados correspondiendo el mayor 82 por ciento a Kochia scoparia, con predominio de ácido linolénico. Al trabajarse con material cocido los tenores de antinutrientes pueden considerarse en niveles que no comprometen la salud. Con respecto a la calidad biológica se obtuvieron los siguientes datos para Ks, Cha, Bv: NPU 68.0 + 0.4, 55.0 + 6.1, 56.0 + 4.2; tD 70.0 + 0.7, 71.0 + 4.0, 76.0 + 8.2; BV 97, 77 y 74 respectivamente. Del análisis de los indicadores por los cuales se evaluó la calidad biológica se encontró un mayor aprovechamiento nitrogenado en Ks. Por lo que Kochia scoparia cumpliría el objetivo previamente propuesto.

Nutrient and antinutrient composition of Amaranthus muricatus.

The chemical and nutritional composition of the aerial parts of Amaranthus muricatus was assessed. This is a wild plant growing well in arid and poor soil, which are not suitable for cereals. The material under study was boiled, dried and ground and then evaluated for chemical, nutritional and antinutritional properties. Protein concentration of the amaranth flour was 15.74 g/100 g and total dietary fiber content was high (53.81 g/100 g), with 79% coming from insoluble dietary fiber. The calcium content was 1533 mg/100 g and the Ca/P ratio (5.94) was markedly higher than the value suggested in the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Fifty-nine percent of the fatty acids present were unsaturated with linoleic acid accounting for 40% of the total fatty acid content. Nitrate, hemagglutinin, trypsin inhibitor and saponin contents were within the non-critical values. Net protein utilization (NPU), true digestibility (tD) and biological value (BV) measurements indicated a nitrogen gain of 74% that of casein. The results of this study indicate a nutritive potential for the A. muricatus leaves, therefore, domestication of this plant is suggested along with assessment of its chemical and nutritional properties.