[Accordance of energy intake to energy expenditure in skiers across the preparation phase].

In elite sport the amount of physical activity requires a professional athlete to have a stable energy balance when the energy intake (EI) is equal to energy expenditure (EE). Its maintenance provides high performance across the phases of the training cycle. The purpose of this research was to analyze the compliance of EI to EE among skiers during the preparation phase of the training cycle. Material and methods. The single-centre, prospective, longitudinal, full-design, noncontrolled study has been performed on 55 highly trained cross-country skiers (mean age 20.1±4.7 years) during the preparation phase of the training cycle. EI was estimated by a 24-hour dietary recall. EE was estimated at rest and during physical activity by indirect calorimetry using the Oxycon Pro system. Results. During the preparation phase dietary calorie intake in skiers (3191±961 kcal/ day), estimated excluding sports drink consumption during the training, was lower approximately by 40% than the reference norms for people engaged in intensive physical activity. At the same time, there was 1.3-fold excess of fats in the diet against the background of low consumption of carbohydrates. Our results showed that in 75% of athletes the measured rest energy expenditure (REE) was higher than the calculated REE by 20% and amounted to 2139±363 kcal/day. Total EE during the preparation phase, calculated by application of Physical Activity Level (PAL) coefficient equal 2.4 (according FAO/ WHO/UNU recommendations), was 5137±873 kcal/day (73.9±12.3 kcal/kg per day). In most cases registered total EE was more than 5000 kcal/day, in other words, total EE exceeded the energy value of the daily diet and thus required the increase of EI. In addition, in our study we observed an increase of carbohydrate contribution to the total EE during high-intensity exercise. Conclusion. The discrepancy between dietary calories and daily EE among the elite athletes was revealed. An imbalance between carbohydrates and fats was identified in the diet, and that did not provide the optimal expenses of macronutrients during highintensity exercise.

[Seasonal dynamics of physiological parameters in the elderly men living in the European North of Russia.]

The study of physiological processes in the elderly people, especially in the chronobiological aspect, is of current interest. The subjects of the study were a group of elderly people (n=18, middle age 69,3±6,5 years), inhabitants of nursing house (Syktyvkar, 61о 04″ NL), who were surveyed 4 times within a year. The aim of the work was to study the dynamic of physiological parameters (anthropometric, cardio-respiratory, psychophysiological, e.t.c.) of elderly people at in different seasons of the year in the European North of Russia. Our results showed that, living conditions and age-related changes in organism modify the amplitude of seasonal changes of the physiological parameters.

Fatty acids composition and food consumption among reindeer herders and urban inhabitants of the European North of Russia.

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to examine the fatty acid (FA) composition of the total plasma lipids of the native inhabitants of the Russian European North, taking into consideration the differences in lifestyles and nutritional habits as well as the interrelationship between the plasma FA profile and nutrition. METHODS: In total, 78 native residents of the Russian European North (61 men and 17 women) from two regions of Komi Republic of Northern Russia (Izhma settlement and city Syktyvkar), aged 25-45 years, were included in this study. The Izhma group consisted of reindeer herders (17 men and 17 women). The comparison group (44 men) consisted of citizens of Syktyvkar. Venous blood plasma after overnight fasting was used for analysis of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, vitamins and total FA composition. A modified questionnaire 'Seafood and the health of the people of the North' was used for the assessment of nutrition. RESULTS: The levels of total FAs in the blood plasma of Indigenous inhabitants of Russian European North were at the lower border of the reference range. In the Izhma group, levels of n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.3/0.9-1.8; p<0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (2.2/1.5-2.8; p=0.025), n-7 palmitoleic FA (2.3/1.9-2.5; p<0.001) were higher than in the Syktyvkar group. At the same time, levels of n-6 linoleic acid (32.1/29.2-35.5; p=0.003) were significantly lower in the male reindeer herders of Izhma. Comparison of the nutritional habits of both groups revealed larger consumption of fish, meat and reindeer fat (p<0.001), eggs (p=0.004), high-carbohydrate products (white bread (p=0.033) and macaroni (p<0.001)) by reindeer herders of Izhma. The participants in the urban group demonstrated higher consumption of fruits (p<0.001), butter (p=0.013), cultured milk foods (p=0.010) and vegetables (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed more beneficial n-6/n-3 FA ratios in reindeer herders of Russian European North than in urban inhabitants. Higher plasma polyunsaturated n-3 FA (EPA, DHA) levels in reindeer herders who had more fish in their diet were demonstrated. In addition, inland reindeer herders showed higher palmitoleic acid levels and lower linoleic acid levels in blood total lipids than urban inhabitants. The nutritional features and environmental conditions were assumed to have the greatest effects on plasma FA profiles and lipid metabolism in the Indigenous inhabitants of Russian European North.

[Influence of latitude factor on organism of adolescences residing on North].

Complex investigations of adolescences (14-15 years) residing on the European North at 62 and 65 degrees latitudes have been carried out. It was shown that the latitude factor on the North affected on mature organism of adolescences already at a difference of residence place on 3 degrees. The decrease of tolerance to hypoxemia, quality of hemodynamic regulation at short-term physical activity, physical health level, nervous processes rate (switching of attention) and the increase of plasma lactate level (attribute of hypoxia) were shown in adolescences residing at higher latitudes. The sexual distinctions and features of northerner organism on a lot of parameters in adolescences were revealed.

[Rated power of conscripts in the north].

The nutrition on alimentary and power value in the term active duty soldier on the North on norm No 1 (troop ration) approaches to calculated sizes (with the exception of fat deficiency) that allows to support the physical working capacity and the body mass index on high enough level. However insufficient content of vitamins (polyhypovitaminosis) in organisms of most of studied persons was revealed. The dynamics of change of nutrition status in the soldiers on the North during year shows essential dependence on the weather rigidity parameters and the seasonal factor.

Seasonal dynamics of clinically significant metabolic parameters in northern residents of different age.

One-year monitoring of the blood metabolic parameters in residents of the North (students aged 18-20 years and scientists aged 30-59 years) showed that blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, and albumin varied in young people (18-20 years) within a greater range throughout the year than in older subjects (30-59 years), while the range of variations for triglycerides and cholesterol concentration was lesser in young subjects. Despite age-specific differences in metabolism, the seasonal dynamics of metabolite concentrations conforms to common regularities. The contribution of anaerobic glycolysis to the maintenance of energy homeostasis is greater during the fall-winter period, which leads to reduction of glycemic level to the lowest threshold normal level and to lactatacidosis. The concentrations of triglycerides increase significantly in winter, which indicates intensification of lipogenesis. Gluconeogenesis and aerobic oxidation of reserve lipids are intensified in the winter-spring period.

[Seasonal aspects of the oxidative stress in Northeners].

Evaluated were consequences of changes in oxygen demand, bronchial conduction, exercise performance, functioning of antioxidant enzymes and body provision with natural oxidants for the level of free-radical oxidation products in human organism. To this end, a group of essentially healthy young male northerners spending much time outdoors was surveyed over a one-year period. Among the listed parameters oxidation of free radicals was particularly sensitive to seasonal insufficiency of some of the antioxidant enzymes.

[Effects of the factor of season on the the physiological status of petroleum industry workers in the Polar region]. / Vliianie faktora sezonnosti na fiziologicheskii status neftiannikov, rabotaiushchikh v Zapoliar'e.

There were three medical examinations (in March, June and October) of oilers on shift days 5-6 in a field medical post in the Polar region. The survey protocol included analysis of morning (before breakfast) biochemical and cell indices, physiological examination, testing reactions to standard stimuli (color, tone), psychological testing, assessment of factual nutrition, analysis of the cardiorespiratory function at rest and during physical tests. It was stated that recovery of physical performance varied with the seasons. In March, the shift workers were significantly less reactive to the color stimulus. At low ambient temperature (-38 degrees C) blood content of alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins went up, and there were atypical proteins and considerable amounts of total cholesterol, pre-beta-lipoproteins and alpha-lipoproteins in blood.