Supramolecular network of a framework material supported by the anion-π linkage of Keggin-type heteropolyoxotungstates: experimental and theoretical insights.

A novel inorganic-organic hybrid, {Na[Tb(L)(H2O)4]3(SiW12O40)}·4H2O, in which L = 4-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (chelidamic acid), was prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It consists of a trinuclear terbium cluster bonded to a Keggin-type polyoxotungstate. In the terbium cluster three crystallographically equivalent Tb3+ ions are bridged by carboxylate oxygen atoms belonging to three chelidamic acid units to form an equilateral triangle. These triangle units connect to each other through hydrogen-bonding and anion-π interactions. A CSD survey was carried out focusing on the cation and the ligand roles in the structure formation of this type of compounds. Finally, DFT calculations were used to analyse the role of the anion-π interactions that are important in the formation of 1D supramolecular assemblies in the solid state. The noncovalent interaction plot (NCIplot) computational tool has been used to characterize the anion-π interaction.

An inorganic-organic hybrid supramolecular framework based on the γ-[Mo8O26]4- cluster and cobalt complex of aspartic acid: X-ray structure and DFT study.

A new inorganic-organic hybrid based on an aspartate functionalized polyoxomolybdate, [pentaaquacobalt(II)]-µ-aspartate-[γ-octamolybdate]-µ-aspartate-[pentaaquacobalt(II)] tetrahydrate, [Co2(C4H6NO4)2(γ-Mo8O26)(H2O)10]·4H2O (1), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions from the reaction of an Evans-Showell-type polyoxometalate, (NH4)6[Co2Mo10H4O38], and L-aspartic acid. The complex exhibits a supramolecular three-dimensional framework structure in the crystal lattice. Compound 1 was structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR and UV-Vis (diffuse reflectance) spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In this compound, aspartic acid acts as a bridge between the two Co atoms and the Mo centres, with the -CH2COOH side chain directly linked to the Mo centre in γ-[Mo8O26]4- and the α-carboxylate side chain bound to the Co centre. Commonly, the binding of transition-metal complexes to POMs involves coordination of the metal to a terminal O atom of the POM so that 1, with a bridging ligand between Mo and Co atoms, belongs to a separate class of hybrid materials. While the starting materials are both chiral and one might expect them to form a chiral hybrid, the decomposition of the chiral Evans-Showell-type POM and its conversion to the centrosymmetric γ-octamolybdate POM, plus the presence of two aspartate ligands centrosymmetrically placed on either side of the POM, leads to the formation of an achiral hybrid. We have studied energetically by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and using the Bader's `atoms-in-molecules' analysis the electrostatically enhanced hydrogen bonds (EEHBs) observed in the solid state of 1, which are crucial for the formation of one-dimensional supramolecular assemblies.

Photochemical and electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactivity of lanthanide-functionalized polyoxotungstates.

The first example of hydrogen evolution reactivity (HER) of lanthanide-functionalized Keggin-based polyoxotungstates under photochemical and electrochemical conditions is reported. The HER activity under homogeneous, visible light-driven conditions and under heterogeneous, electrochemical conditions depends on the type of lanthanide functionalization, so that a new class of model HER catalysts for systematic reactivity studies is now accessible.

A survey of the different roles of polyoxometalates in their interaction with amino acids, peptides and proteins.

One of the most attractive areas in inorganic chemistry is the synthesis of polyoxometalates (POMs) exhibiting new properties and applications. Since the impact of POMs in biochemistry and related fields of research has increased in the last few years, there has been a special interest in this topic. Significant progress in biological applications has been made where the interaction of POMs with amino acids, peptides and proteins is relevant. Versatile POMs play a series of different roles in the interaction with these biomolecules as described in this review. Various types of interactions are established, depending on the POM shape and charge, the amino acid side chain, peptide sequence or protein structure. Experimental conditions such as temperature, acidity, solvent, etc. are also important factors that influence the binding/reactivity of POM with biomolecules, as described herein. This understanding allows the adequate design of the POM-biomolecule couple for tailoring and controlling mechanisms of action such as catalysis, inhibition, and aggregation, or the crystallising agent.

Synthesis, Characterization and Fluorescence Properties of Zn(II) and Cu(II) Complexes: DNA Binding Study of Zn(II) Complex.

Zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes containing Schiff base, 2- methoxy-6((E)-(phenylimino) methyl) phenol ligand (HL) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The fluorescence properties and quantum yield of zinc complex were studied. Our data showed that Zn complex could bind to DNA grooves with Kb = 10(4) M(-1). Moreover, Zn complex could successfully be used in staining of DNA following agarose gel electrophoresis. MTT assay showed that Zn complex was not cytotoxic in MCF-7 cell line. Here, we introduce a newly synthesized fluorescence probe that can be used for single and double stranded DNA detection in both solution and agarose gels.

(2-Aminopyrimidine-κN(1))aqua(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato-κ(3)O(2),N,O(6))copper(II): X-ray and DFT calculated structure.

In the title compound, [Cu(C7H3N2O4)(C4H5N2)(H2O)], (I), pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (pydc(2-)), 2-aminopyrimidine and aqua ligands coordinate the Cu(II) centre through two N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and one water O atom, respectively, to give a nominally distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry, a common arrangement for copper complexes containing the pydc(2-) ligand. Because of the presence of Cu...Xbridged contacts (X = N or O) between adjacent molecules in the crystal structures of (I) and three analogous previously reported compounds, and the corresponding uncertainty about the effective coordination number of the Cu(II) centre, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to elucidate the degree of covalency in these contacts. The calculated Wiberg and Mayer bond-order indices reveal that the Cu...O contact can be considered as a coordination bond, whereas the amine group forming a Cu...N contact is not an effective participant in the coordination environment.

Hydrothermal synthesis, X-ray structure and DFT and magnetic studies of a (H2SiW12O40)(2-) based one-dimensional linear coordination polymer.

In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel hybrid with an inorganic-organic structure formulated as [[Nd2(L(1))2(L(2))(H2O)7][H2SiW12O40]]n·4H2O (1), in which HL(1) = nicotinic acid and H2L(2) = 2-hydroxynicotinic acid. Interestingly, L(1) and L(2) are generated from an in situ transformation of the original ligand, pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid under hydrothermal conditions. Structural analysis showed that this compound is a one-dimensional linear coordination polymer constructed from a repetition of the Keggin anion as a bidentate bridging ligand and one propeller-like dinuclear neodymium complex. Furthermore, in the packing arrangement, hydrogen bonds and anion-π interactions connect the adjacent chains to extend the structure into a 3D architecture. The magnetic properties of this compound have also been studied by measuring its magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range 1.8-300 K. We also analyzed the coordination ability of the SiW12 Keggin anion in the reported structures up to now. Finally, we have performed a DFT computational study on the noncovalent anion-π interactions between the Keggin anion and the aromatic ligands coordinated to Nd.

Structure-activity relationship for Fe(III)-salen-like complexes as potent anticancer agents.

Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) for the anticancer activity of Fe(III)-salen and salen-like complexes was studied. The methods of density function theory (B3LYP/LANL2DZ) were used to optimize the structures. A pool of descriptors was calculated: 1497 theoretical descriptors and quantum-chemical parameters, shielding NMR, and electronic descriptors. The study of structure and activity relationship was performed with multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN). In nonlinear method, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was applied in order to choose the most effective descriptors. The ANN-ANFIS model with high statistical significance (R (2) train = 0.99, RMSE = 0.138, and Q (2) LOO = 0.82) has better capability to predict the anticancer activity of the new compounds series of this family. Based on this study, anticancer activity of this compound is mainly dependent on the geometrical parameters, position, and the nature of the substituent of salen ligand.

Spectroscopic and molecular modeling based approaches to study on the binding behavior of DNA with a copper (II) complex.

Blocking the division of tumor cells by small-molecules is currently of great interest for the design of new antitumor drugs. The interaction of a new metal complex with DNA was investigated through several techniques. Absorption spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis studies on the interaction of the Cu-complex of (2a-4mpyH)2 [Cu(pyzdc)2 (H2O)2].6 H2O with DNA have shown that this complex can bind to CT-DNA with binding constant 3.99 × 10(5) M(-1). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses of the metal complex in the presence of CT-DNA have shown that the metal complex can bind to CT-DNA through partial intercalation mode and this is consistent with molecular docking analysis, quenching process and thermal denaturation experiments. The cytotoxicity of this complex has been evaluated by MTT assay. The results of cell viability assay on DU145 cell line revealed that the metal complex had cytotoxic effects.

Syntheses, structures, properties and DFT study of hybrid inorganic-organic architectures constructed from trinuclear lanthanide frameworks and Keggin-type polyoxometalates.

In this paper we report the synthesis and X-ray characterization of four novel hybrid inorganic-organic assemblies generated from H4SiW12O40 as Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POM) and, in three of them, a trinuclear lanthanide cluster of type {Na(H2O)3[Ln(HCAM)(H2O)3]3}(4+) is formed, where Ln metal is La in compound 1, Ce in compound 2, and Eu in compound 3 (H3CAM = chelidamic acid or 2,6-dicarboxy-4-hydroxypyridine). These compounds represent the first POM-based inorganic-organic assemblies using chelidamic acid as an organic ligand. The thermal stability of the organic ligand is crucial, since pyridine-2,6-bis(monothiocarboxylate) instead of chelidamic acid is used (compound 4) under the same synthesis conditions, the decomposition of the ligand to pyridine was observed leading to the formation of colorless crystals of a pseudo hybrid inorganic-organic assembly. In compound 4 the hybrid inorganic-organic assembly is not formed and the organic part simply consists of four molecules of protonated pyridine acting as counterions of the [SiW12O40](4-) counterpart. The luminescent properties of compounds and have been investigated and their solid state architectures have been analyzed. Whereas compound only shows ligand emission, the Eu(3+) emission in compound 3 is discussed in detail. We have found that unprecedented anion-π interactions between the POM, which is a tetra-anion, and the aromatic rings play a crucial role in the crystal packing formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes and analyzes this interaction in Keggin-type POM based inorganic-organic frameworks. The energetic features of these interactions in the solid state have been analyzed using DFT calculations in some model systems predicted by us.

catena-Poly[[di-µ2-aqua-hexaaquabis(µ3-4-oxidopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato)trimanganese(II)] trihydrate]: a new one-dimensional coordination polymer based on a trinuclear Mn(II) complex of chelidamic acid.

4-Hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (chelidamic acid, hypydc[H]H2) reacts with MnCl2·2H2O in the presence of piperazine in water to afford the title complex, {[Mn3(C7H2NO5)2(H2O)8]·3H2O}n or {[Mn3(hypydc)2(H2O)8]·3H2O}n. This compound is a one-dimensional coordination polymer, with the twofold symmetric repeat unit containing three metal centres. Two different coordination geometries are observed for the two independent Mn(II) metal centres, viz. a distorted pentagonal bipyramid and a distorted octahedron. The 4-oxidopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate anions and two of the water molecules act as bridging ligands. The zigzag-like geometry of the coordination polymer is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. O-H···O and C-H···O hydrogen bonds and water clusters consolidate the three-dimensional network structure.

New rac-XP(O)(OC6H5)(NHC6H4-p-CH3) [X = N(CH3)(cyclo-C6H11) and NH(C3H5)] and rac-(C6H5CH2NH)P(O)(OC6H5)(NH-cyclo-C6H11) mixed-amide phosphinates.

The mixed-amide phosphinates, rac-phenyl (N-methylcyclohexylamido)(p-tolylamido)phosphinate, C20H27N2O2P, (I), and rac-phenyl (allylamido)(p-tolylamido)phosphinate, C16H19N2O2P, (II), were synthesized from the racemic phosphorus-chlorine compound (R,S)-(Cl)P(O)(OC6H5)(NHC6H4-p-CH3). Furthermore, the phosphorus-chlorine compound ClP(O)(OC6H5)(NH-cyclo-C6H11) was synthesized for the first time and used for the synthesis of rac-phenyl (benzylamido)(cyclohexylamido)phosphinate, C19H25N2O2P, (III). The strategies for the synthesis of racemic mixed-amide phosphinates are discussed. The P atom in each compound is in a distorted tetrahedral (N(1))P(=O)(O)(N(2)) environment. In (I) and (II), the p-tolylamido substituent makes a longer P-N bond than those involving the N-methylcyclohexylamido and allylamido substituents. In (III), the differences between the P-N bond lengths involving the cyclohexylamido and benzylamido substituents are not significant. In all three structures, the phosphoryl O atom takes part with the N-H unit in hydrogen-bonding interactions, viz. an N-H···O=P hydrogen bond for (I) and (N-H)(N-H)···O=P hydrogen bonds for (II) and (III), building linear arrangements along [001] for (I) and along [010] for (III), and a ladder arrangement along [100] for (II).

Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urine by hollow-fiber liquid membrane-protected solid-phase microextraction based on sol-gel fiber coating.

A new rapid, simple and effective cleanup procedure is demonstrated for the determination of ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac in urine samples by using hollow-fiber liquid membrane-protected solid-phase microextraction (HFLM-SPME) based on sol-gel technique and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In this technique, a sol-gel coated fiber was protected with a length of porous polypropylene hollow fiber membrane which was filled with water-immiscible organic phase. Subsequently the whole device was immersed into urine sample for extraction. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEG-g-MWCNTs) was used as extraction phase to prepare the sol-gel SPME fiber. Important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as desorption temperature and time, organic solvent, extraction temperature and time, pH, stirring speed and salt effect were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the method detection limits (S/N=3) were in the range of 0.03-0.07ngmL(-1) and the limits of quantification (S/N=10) between 0.08 and 0.15ngmL(-1). Relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day precisions were 4.8-9.0% and 4.9-8.1%, respectively. Subsequently, the method was successfully applied to human urine fractions after administration of ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac.

Dianilinium bis-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato-κ(3)O(2),N,O(6))cuprate(II) hexa-hydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title complex, (C(6)H(8)N)(2)[Cu(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(2)]·6H(2)O, contains half a copper(II)-dipicolinate complex located on a twofold rotation axis, one protonated aniline mol-ecule and three solvent water mol-ecules. The Cu(II) atom is coordinated by four O atoms and two N atoms from two dipicolinate ligands in a distorted octa-hedral environment. In the crystal, the components are linked into a three-dimensional framework by inter-molecular O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O inter-actions.

9-Amino-acridinium bis-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato-κ(3)O(2),N,O(6))ferrate(III) tetra-hydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C(13)H(11)N(2))[Fe(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(2)]·4H(2)O, contains a 9-amino-acridinium cation, one anionic complex and four uncoordinated water mol-ecules. In the anionic complex, the Fe(III) ion is six-coordinated by two almost perpendicular [dihedral angle = 88.78 (7)°] pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligands in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal, anions are connected into chains along [10-1] by weak C-H⋯O inter-actions, which create ten-membered hydrogen-bonded R(2) (2)(10) rings. These chains are linked by three-membered water clusters. The final three-dimensional network is constructed by numerous inter-molecular O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O inter-actions.

Poly[(µ(2)-2-amino-pyrimidine-κ(2)N(1):N(3))di-µ(2)-chlorido-mercury(II)].

The title compound, [HgCl(2)(C(4)H(5)N(3))](n), features a two-dimensional network parallel to (001) that is based on an Hg(II) atom octahedrally coordinated by four µ(2)-Cl atoms and two µ(2)-2-amino-pyrimidine (apym) ligands in trans positions, yielding a distorted HgCl(4)N(2) octa-hedron. The coordination network can be described as an uninodal 4-connected net with the sql topology. The Hg(II) ion lies on a site of -1 symmetry and the apym ligand lies on sites of m symmetry with the mirror plane perpendicular to the pyrimidine plane and passing through the NH(2) group N atom. This polymeric structure is stabilized by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and columnar π-π stacking of pyrimidine rings, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.832 (2) Å.

Evaluating the biodegradability of Gelatin/Siloxane/Hydroxyapatite (GS-Hyd) complex in vivo and its ability for adhesion and proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Recent studies have shown that the use of biomaterials and new biodegradable scaffolds for repair or regeneration of damaged tissues is of vital importance. Scaffolds used in tissue engineering should be biodegradable materials with three-dimensional structures which guide the growth and differentiation of the cells. They also tune physical, chemical and biological properties for efficient supplying of the cells to the selected tissues and have proper porosity along with minimal toxic effects. In this manner, the study of these characteristics is a giant stride towards scaffold design. In this study, Gelatin/Siloxane/Hydroxyapatite (GS-Hyd) scaffold was synthesized and its morphology, in vivo biodegradability, cytotoxic effects and ability for cell adhesion were investigated using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The cells were treated with different volumes of the scaffold suspension for evaluation of its cytotoxic effects. The MSCs were also seeded on scaffolds and cultured for 2 weeks to evaluate the ability of the scaffold in promoting of cell adhesion and growth. To check the biodegradability of the scaffold in vivo, scaffolds were placed in the rat body for 21 days in three different positions of thigh muscle, testicle, and liver and they were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and weight changes. According to the results of the viability of this study, no cytotoxic effects of GS-Hyd scaffold was found on the cells and MSCs could adhere on the scaffold with expanding their elongations and forming colonies. The rate of degradation as assessed by weight loss was significant within each group along with significant differences between different tissues at the same time point. SEM micrographs also indicated the obvious morphological changes on the surface of the particles and diameter of the pores through different stages of implantation. The greatest amount of degradation happened to the scaffold particles implanted into the muscle, followed by testicle and liver, respectively.

Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water samples by solid-phase microextraction based sol-gel technique using poly(ethylene glycol) grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated fiber.

In this study, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEG-g-MWCNTs) were synthesized by the covalent functionalization of MWCNTs with hydroxyl-terminated PEG chains. PEG-g-MWCNTs was used as a novel stationary phase to prepare the sol-gel solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber in combination with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for the determination of ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac in real water samples. Some parameters which influencing the extraction efficiency were such as desorption temperature and time, extraction temperature and time, pH, salt effect and stirring speed that were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the method detection limits (S/N=3) were in the range of 0.007-0.03 ng mL(-1) and the limits of quantification (S/N=10) between 0.05 and 0.07 ng mL(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for one fiber (repeatability) (n=5) were obtained from 5.9 up to 8.1% and between fibers or batch to batch (n=3) (reproducibility) in the range of 7.2-9.1%. The developed method was successfully applied to real water samples while the relative recovery percentages obtained for the spiked water samples at 0.2 ng mL(-1) were from 84 to 107%.

2-Amino-pyridinium bis-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato)ferrate(III).

In the title compound, (C(5)H(7)N(2))[Fe(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(2)] or [2-apyH][Fe(pydc)(2)], the asymmetric unit contains an [Fe(pydc)(2)](-) (pydc is pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate) anion and a protonated 2-amino-pyridine cation ([2-apyH](+)). The complex anion contains an Fe(III) atom within a distorted octahedral FeN(2)O(4) coordination geometry. N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding, offset π-π stacking [centroid-centroid distance = 3.805 (13) Å] and C=O⋯π inter-actions [3.494 (14) Å] generate a three-dimensional network structure.

Phenyl bis-(m-tolyl-amido)-phosphinate.

The P atom of the title compound, C(20)H(21)N(2)O(2)P, has a distorted tetra-hedral configuration; the bond angles at P are in the range 96.11 (6)-117.32 (8)°. The N atom exhibits sp(2) character. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into bands along the a axis, consisting of R(2) (2)(8) rings.