[Congenital malformations of the lungs]. / K probleme nekotorykh vrozhdennykh porokov razvitiia legkogo.

Some histological signs of congenital lung malformations are described basing on many years' studies including those carried out in cooperation with pediatric surgeons. Histological signs of congenital malformations comprise rugged, "cut up" bronchiectatic lumens due to pseudopoliposis, diverticulosis and abundance of Lambert tubes. In bronchiectatic lumens there may be openings of smallest bronchi, bronchioles or alveoli, indicating the absence of several bronchial generations, and reflecting the replication of filogenic development of the lung. In addition to agenesia of the alveoli, in the place of which connective tissue is found without twisting elastic fibres in it (such fibres being characteristic of the acquired fibroatelectasis), areas with conglomerates of bronchioles may be seen. Histologically, they are often misinterpreted as adenomatous structures. Inclusions of normal structures may provide proper functioning of the lung throughout the patient life, till the old age. Therefore, the prognosis with the developmental anomalies in the lung will be influenced considerably by the quantity of the malformed bronchi present.

[Structural-functional features of the large and small bronchi and differences in their inflammatory reactions]. / Strukturno-funktsional'nye osobennosti krupnykh i melkikh bronkhov i razlichiia voznikaiushchikh v nikh vospalitel'nykh reaktsii.

Structural-functional features of bronchi reflect the differences in the inflammation in their walls. This should be taken into consideration by pathologists studying biopsies and by clinicians evaluating lungs roentgenologically and by ultrasound.

[Branching defects and mucosal diverticulosis of the bronchi in children as factors predisposing to the development of chronic inflammatory processes in the lungs]. / Poroki vetvleniia i divertikulez slizistoi obolochki bronkhov u detei kak faktory, predraspolagaiushchie k razvitiiu khronicheskikh vospalitel'nykh protsessov v legkikh.

Clinical and bronchographic data were juxtaposed with the results of selective histological examination of the resected parts of lungs from 3 to 14-year-old children suffering for several years from persistent cough and recurrent pneumonias. The defects of small and mean bronchi branching are found in 66% of cases (out of 50) and in 64% there was diverticulosis of the mucous membrane of large and small bronchi that is followed by pseudopoliposis and the development of deep "pouches". All this is followed by bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia, development of peribronchial pneumonia foci, chronic bronchitis, obturation syndrome.

[Low-frequency ultrasound in the treatment of acute and chronic suppurative diseases of the lungs and pleura in children]. / Nizkochastotnyi ul'trazvuk v lechenii ostrykh i khronicheskikh nagnoitel'nykh zabolevanii legkikh i plevry u detei.

The maximum exposure and regimens of action of the low frequency ultrasound on the lung and pleura tissue were established in experimental studies. The ultrasound energy was used in the clinic for the complex treatment of 139 patients with acute purulent diseases of the lungs and pleura and in 76 children with chronic bronchopulmonary pathology. High therapeutic effects were achieved which suggests the further application of the method to be fairly promising in children surgery.

[Mechanism and time periods of the development of hyaline membranes in acute respiratory failure of traumatic origin]. / O mekhanizme i srokakh razvitiia gialinovykh membran pri ostroi respiratornoi nedostatochnosti travmaticheskogo proiskhozhdeniia.

The model of chest trauma accompanied by acute respiratory failure was studied on 78 guinea-pigs. Histological and electron microscopic methods have revealed a typical pattern of shock lung: combination of diffuse bilateral microfocal distelectases and microcirculation disturbances, i.e. pulmonary venular spasm accompanied by sludge, disseminated intravascular coagulation, focal hemorrhages and interstitial edema. In 5 out of 13 cases 72 hours later hyaline membranes were observed as conglomerations of eosinophilic masses of plate form, distinct from intraalveolar edema. At the ultrastructural level hyaline membranes could be identified as stripes of granular or fibrillar accumulations containing cellular organella debris, ajacent to alveolar walls.

[Acute respiratory insufficiency syndrome ("shock lung") in adults]. / Sindrom ostroi respiratornoi nedostatochnosti vzroslykh ("shokovoe legkoe").

The causes of the development of acute respiratory insufficiency ("shock lung") may include any shock, burn disease, posttransfusion syndrome, hyperoxygenation and trauma of the lungs. Morphologically, against the background of inflation of the lung parenchyma, bilateral fine-focus atelectases, focal disorders of the circulation of the type of leukostases, sludge, leading to extensive hyalin (spodogenic) thromboses, develop. Secondarily, a small-focus edema, hemorrhages, sometimes, hyalin membranes, develop. Atelectases are initially reversible, but later, when surfactant desintegrates against the background of circulatory disorders, they become stable. The main mechanism of the development of this process consists in the release, during shock, of biologically active amines in the lungs leading to circulatory disorders in them. This is attested to by the possibility of producing the "shock lung" picture in intact animals by inoculation into their blood of plasma from the animals in a shock condition.