Subject(s)
Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/diagnosis , Adult , Female , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/cerebrospinal fluid , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/etiology , Pre-Eclampsia , Pregnancy , Puerperal Disorders/diagnosis , Syndrome , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedSubject(s)
Laparoscopy/methods , Ovarian Diseases/surgery , Ovary/surgery , Pregnancy, Ectopic/surgery , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Rupture, SpontaneousABSTRACT
We reviewed 3,038 deliveries at our hospital, over a period of 2 years (2005 and 2006) to identify risk factors for 3rd and 4th degree perineal tear. We used the hospital database and labour ward registry book and reviewed patients' record notes. After excluding elective and emergency caesarean sections, 2,278 women had delivered vaginally, from which 36 patients had 3rd/4th degree perineal tears as defined by the RCOG Green top guidelines No 29 (2007). A total of 2,242 women who delivered vaginally without 3rd/4th degree perineal tears were used as controls in this study. The rate of 3rd/4th degree perineal tear was 1.18% for all deliveries and 1.58% for vaginal deliveries. Occiptoposterior position during delivery (OR: 69.8), primigravida (OR: 5.8), and high birth weight (OR: 1.19) are risk factors for anal sphincter tear. However, induction of labour (OR: 0.71), use of medio-lateral episiotomy (OR: 0.35), epidural analgesia (OR: 0.88) and instrumental delivery of occipitoanterior position (OR: 0.77) reduced the risk of severe perineal tear. Primipara and occipitoposterior position (OP) during delivery are the only statistically significant risks for the occurrence of severe perineal damage. High birth weight is a risk factor but it is not statistically significant. Instrumental delivery of OP position is a highly statistically significant risk factor. On the other hand, induction of labour (IOL), epidural analgesia and instrumental delivery for occipitoanterior position are protective factors against anal sphincter injury, although they did not reach statistical significance.
Subject(s)
Anal Canal/injuries , Obstetric Labor Complications/etiology , Perineum/injuries , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Extraction, Obstetrical , Female , Fetal Macrosomia , Humans , Odds Ratio , Parity , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Soft Tissue Injuries/etiology , Soft Tissue Injuries/pathology , Soft Tissue Injuries/prevention & control , Young AdultSubject(s)
Eclampsia/diagnosis , HELLP Syndrome/diagnosis , Adult , Eclampsia/therapy , Female , HELLP Syndrome/therapy , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy TestsABSTRACT
Overactive bladder (OAB) and glaucoma are prevalent and frequently co-exist, particularly in the elderly. Anti-cholinergic drugs are the cornerstone of medical management of OAB. There is a great deal of confusion about the safety of use of the anti-cholinergic medication regarding the risk of glaucoma. This review examines the pharmacological relationship of anti-cholinergic medications used to treat OAB and the various types of glaucoma.
Subject(s)
Cholinergic Antagonists/adverse effects , Glaucoma/chemically induced , Urinary Incontinence/drug therapy , Adult , Female , Glaucoma/complications , Glaucoma/physiopathology , Humans , Middle Aged , Urinary Incontinence/complications , Urinary Incontinence/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A case of intravesical migration of a GyneFix intrauterine device (IUD) is described, in which the patient presented with supra-pubic pain and urinary symptoms. The diagnosis was made 34 months after the insertion of the IUD, by ultrasound scan. The GyneFix was removed endoscopically. A description of the GyneFix device, the possible adverse effects and incidences of its complications, the importance of post-insertion follow-up, and the need for awareness of the possibility of intravesical migration are discussed.
