The Vascular Quality Initiative assessment of the Bard Lifestent for the treatment of popliteal artery occlusive disease.

OBJECTIVE: The Bard LifeStent self-expanding stent is approved for the treatment of occlusive disease involving the superficial femoral artery and proximal popliteal artery. We conducted a post-market trial of treatment of the popliteal artery above and below the knee (P1, P2, and P3 segments) within the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Peripheral Vascular Intervention registry. METHODS: A single-arm, prospective trial was conducted at 29 VQI sites in the United States, enrolling 74 patients from November 2016 to May 2019. The primary safety outcome was freedom from major adverse events including device-/procedure-related mortality and major amputation at 1 year. The primary efficacy outcomes were freedom from target vessel revascularization and freedom from target lesion revascularization at 1 year. Secondary outcomes included lesion success; procedural success; primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency; and sustained clinical (improvement in Rutherford class) and hemodynamic success (increase in ankle brachial index >0.10). Outcomes were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Arteriogram of patients undergoing target lesion revascularization were assessed for stent fracture by a core laboratory. RESULTS: The mean age was 71 years, with 63.5% male and 55% with diabetes. The indication was claudication 28% and chronic limb-threatening ischemia in 72%. The superficial femoral artery-popliteal artery was stented in 38% and the popliteal artery alone in 62%. The majority of stents were placed in the P1 + P2 (39%) or P1 + P2 + P3 (37%) segments of the popliteal artery. The composite primary endpoint of freedom from major adverse events was 82% and 74% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Freedom from mortality was 100% and 97%, and freedom from major amputation was 100% and 90% at 1 and 12 months, with all deaths and major amputations occurring in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia. freedom from target lesion revascularization was 86%, and freedom from target vessel revascularization was 84% at 12 months. At discharge, lesion treatment success was 99%, and procedural success was 82%. Primary patency was 80% and 72%, primary-assisted patency was 80% and 72%, and secondary patency was 89% and 82% at 12 and 24 months. Sustained clinical success was 98% and 95%, and sustained hemodynamic success was 100% and 79% at 12 and 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: In this multi-center, registry-based, single-arm prospective study the Bard LifeStent self-expanding stent demonstrated favorable performance in the challenging anatomy of the P2 and P3 popliteal segment. Post-market studies for label expansion of peripheral vascular intervention devices can be successfully conducted within the Society for Vascular Surgery VQI registry.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography metrics of retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions in patients being evaluated for carotid artery stenosis and controls.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Retinal microvascular ischaemia may produce localised middle retinal disruption with corresponding scotoma, a phenomenon termed paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM). Small chronic middle retinal atrophic lesions termed retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions (RIPLs) appear qualitatively similar to PAMM lesions and have recently been hypothesised to result specifically from PAMM. However, no studies have quantitatively demonstrated an ischaemic origin of RIPLs. We quantitatively investigated the pathophysiology of RIPLs and their relationship with PAMM with swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). METHODS: A total of 14 controls and 25 patients being evaluated for carotid artery stenosis (CAS) were enrolled. SS-OCTA imaging of each eye was taken. Projection-resolved en face 6 mm × 6 mm superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) images were quantitatively analysed with two algorithms for changes in vessel linear density (VLD) and vessel tortuosity (VT) at RIPLs relative to both the immediately surrounding macula and the entire macula, as well as between eyes with RIPLs and eyes without RIPLs. RESULTS: All controls and 22 of 25 CAS patients were included in the analysis. RIPLs demonstrated a localised decrease in DCP VLD in CAS patients and controls. RIPLs tended to show a localised decrease in SCP VLD in CAS patients but a localised increase in controls. No changes in VT were found. Eyes with RIPLs had VLD and VT similar to their RIPL-free fellow eyes. CONCLUSION: RIPLs are associated with quantifiable local, but not global, ischaemia, supporting the idea of shared pathophysiology with classic PAMM lesions along a continuum of ischaemia severity.

Outcomes of the Gore® Excluder® Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis Using Self Expanding or Balloon-Expandable Stent Grafts for the Internal Iliac Artery Component.

OBJECTIVE: The GORE® EXCLUDER® Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis (IBE; W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Arizona) was developed to be used in combination with a self-expanding stent graft (SESG) for the internal iliac artery (IIA) bridging stent. Balloon-expandable stent grafts (BESGs) are an alternative for the IIA, offering advantages in sizing, device tracking, precision, and lower profile delivery. We compared the performance of SESG and BESG when used as the IIA bridging stent in patients undergoing EVAR with IBE. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent EVAR with IBE implantation at a single center from October 2016 to May 2021. Anatomic and procedural characteristics were recorded via chart review and computed tomography (CT) postprocessing software (Vitrea® v7.14). Devices were assigned to SESG vs. BESG groups based on the type of device landing into the most distal IIA segment. Analysis was performed per device to account for patients undergoing bilateral IBE. The primary endpoint was IIA patency, and secondary endpoint was IBE-related endoleak. RESULTS: During the study period, 48 IBE devices were implanted in 41 patients (mean age 71.1 years). All IBE devices were implanted in conjunction with an infrarenal endograft. There were 24 devices in each of the self-expanding internal iliac component (SE-IIC) and balloon-expandable internal iliac component (BE-IIC) groups. The BE-IIC group had smaller diameter IIA target vessels (11.6±2.0 mm vs. 8.4±1.7 mm, p<0.001). Mean follow-up was 525 days. Loss of IIA patency occurred in 2 SESG devices (8.33%) at 73 and 180 days postprocedure, and in zero BESG devices, however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.16). There was 1 IBE-related endoleak requiring reintervention during the study period. A BESG device required reintervention due to Type 3 endoleak at 284 days. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in outcomes between SESG and BESG when used for the IIA bridging stent in EVAR with IBE. The BESGs were associated with using 2 IIA bridging stents and were more often deployed in smaller IIA target arteries. Retrospective study design and small sample size may limit the generalizability of our findings. CLINICAL IMPACT: This series compares postoperative and midterm outcomes of self expanding stent grafts and balloon expandable stent grafts (BESG) when used as the internal iliac stent graft as part of a Gore® Excluder® Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis (IBE). With similar outcomes between the two stent-grafts, our series suggests that some of the advantages of BESG, device sizing, tracking, deployment, and profile, may be able to be leveraged without impacting the mid-term performance of the IBE.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Common Open and Endovascular Procedures and Their Relationship with Postdischarge Complications.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endovascular treatment for arterial vascular diseases has revolutionized vascular care. While these procedures offer improved morbidity, mortality, and length of stay (LOS), their effect on postdischarge complications is unknown. The objectives of the study were to evaluate trends in LOS and postdischarge complications over time and to assess factors associated with postdischarge complications. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for common vascular pathologies (abdominal aortic aneurysm, aortoiliac occlusive disease, lower extremity disease, and carotid stenosis) were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program procedure-targeted database (2014-2019). Outcomes included LOS, 30-day complications, and proportions of postdischarge complications. Predictors of postdischarge complications were assessed using a multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 80,311 patients evaluated, median LOS did not change from 2014 to 2019 (2, interquartile range 1-5). Overall, 15.7% of patients experienced any 30-day complication, with 31.3% occurring after discharge. The proportion of postdischarge complications increased from 29.1% (2014) to 35.9% (2019), P < 0.001. With exception of carotid procedures, endovascular procedures had lower overall complication rates than open procedures; however, there was an increased proportion of postdischarge complications for endovascular procedures (all P < 0.001). Factors associated with an increased odds of postdischarge complications included female, Black or other race, dependent functional status, underweight or obesity, increased LOS, and procedural time, all P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Across 4 representative common vascular pathologies, endovascular treatments had a higher proportion of postdischarge complications compared to open procedures. Early identification and evaluation of postdischarge complications for endovascular patients may be warranted to avoid unplanned readmission.

Efficacy and safety of sonographer discretion to terminate a venous duplex ultrasound for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in coronavirus disease 2019 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Sonographers performing venous duplex ultrasound (VDUS) of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have an increased risk of exposure owing to their close contact with these patients for an extended period. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a modified COVID-19 VDUS protocol to reduce sonographer exposure to COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective review. Patients who had undergone VDUS under the modified COVID-19 protocol between March 1, 2020, and June 30, 2020, with a confirmed or presumed COVID-19 diagnosis at the VDUS were included. The modified COVID-19 protocol was defined as the ability of the sonographer to terminate the examination on detection of an acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The primary outcome measures were the number of anatomic deep venous segments recorded by the sonographer, which was used as a surrogate measure for sonographer exposure time, and the number of acute DVTs found on follow-up examinations in segments not visualized at the index VDUS. RESULTS: A total of 160 lower extremity VDUS (LEVDUS) scans and 72 upper extremity VDUS (UEVDUS) scans were performed using the modified COVID-19 protocol. The index VDUS had found an acute DVT for 44 of 160 patients (27.5%) who had undergone LEVDUS and 26 of 72 (36.6%) who had undergone UEVDUS. On follow-up imaging, 7 of 38 LEVDUS scans (17.9%) and 1 of 10 UEVDUS scans (10%) had demonstrated a new acute DVT. Malignancy and surgery 30 days before imaging were significantly associated with acute lower extremity DVT, and mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were associated with acute upper extremity DVT. On the index VDUS, the average was 10.6 of 12 total visualized segments on LEVDUS and 6.4 of 10 total segments on UEVDUS. Of the index VDUS scans, 35.6% of the LEVDUS and 78.6% of the UEVDUS scans had been abbreviated. The index VDUS scans that were positive for acute DVT had had significantly fewer visualized segments for both lower (8.4 vs 11.5; P < .0001) and upper (4.2 vs 7.6) extremities (P < .0001). On the follow-up examinations, only one of eight new acute DVTs had been found in a patient whose index VDUS had been abbreviated and the corresponding segment not assessed. These findings did not affect the patient's clinical course. CONCLUSIONS: The modified COVID-19 VDUS protocol reduced sonographers' potential exposure time to COVID-19. Additionally, the clinical efficacy was maintained, with no missed DVTs, despite the abbreviation of the VDUS examinations.

What Is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?

This JAMA Patient Page describes abdominal aortic aneurysms and their symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.

Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair with Supra-Aortic Trunk Revascularization is Associated with Increased Risk of Periprocedural Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic stroke is a devastating complication of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). This risk may be higher in more proximal aneurysms that require arch manipulation. The purpose of this study is to (1) describe 30-day stroke and death rates in patients undergoing TEVAR, (2) compare stroke rates in patients undergoing TEVAR for arch versus descending aneurysm pathology, and (3) identify predictive factors associated with stroke after TEVAR. METHODS: The Vascular Quality Initiative registry was queried (2015-2021) for TEVAR procedures performed for degenerative aneurysms. Our primary outcomes were any stroke or death at 30 days. Patient-, procedure-, and hospital-level predictors of stroke were assessed using multivariable Poisson regression. RESULTS: Among 3,072 patients with degenerative aneurysms (197 [6.4%] arch versus 2,875 [93.6%] descending) treated with elective TEVAR, the median age was 73 years (interquartile range 67-79) and 54.8% were male. Within the arch aneurysm group, there were 27.4% zone 0, 22.8% zone 1, and 49.8% zone 2 interventions. Overall 30-day stroke and death rates were 3.2% and 3.8%. The distribution of stroke events was bilateral (52.9%), left carotid (20.7%), left vertebrobasilar (11.5%), right carotid (9.2%), and right vertebrobasilar (5.7%). Although mortality was similar between groups, the rate of ischemic stroke was higher for patients undergoing TEVAR for arch aneurysm versus descending aneurysms (7.1% arch versus 2.9% descending, P = 0.001). Factors that were associated with ischemic stroke after TEVAR included age (>79 years, relative risk [RR] 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.98 vs. <79 years), dependent functional status (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.07-2.78), procedural time (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.15-1.36), and endovascular intervention for supra-aortic trunk revascularization (RR 2.66, 95% CI 1.06-6.70 versus no intervention). CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic stroke risk after TEVAR was increased for arch aneurysms compared to descending aneurysms. More proximal zone coverage and endovascular interventions on the supra-aortic trunks were associated with increasing risk for stroke. Adequate preparation for stroke prevention is necessary prior to TEVAR with supra-aortic trunk revascularization.

Surgical resection and graft replacement for primary inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma: A multicenter experience.

OBJECTIVE: Primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is best managed with surgical resection when technically feasible. However, consensus is lacking regarding the best choice of conduit and reconstruction technique. The aim of the present multicenter study was to perform a comprehensive assessment through the VLFDC (Vascular Low Frequency Disease Consortium) to determine the most effective method for caval reconstruction after resection of primary leiomyosarcoma of the IVC. METHODS: A multicenter, standardized database review of patients who had undergone surgical resection and reconstruction of the IVC for primary leiomyosarcoma from 2007 to 2017 was performed. The demographics, periprocedural details, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients (60 women and 32 men), with a mean age of 60.1 years (range, 30-88 years) were treated. Metastatic disease was present in 22%. The tumor location was below the renal veins in 49 (53%), between the renal and hepatic veins in 52 (57%), and above the hepatic veins in 13 patients (14%). The conduits used for reconstruction included ringed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE; n = 80), nonringed PTFE (n = 1), Dacron (n = 1), autogenous vein (n = 1), bovine pericardium (n = 4), and cryopreserved tissue (n = 5). Complete R0 resection was accomplished in 73 patients (79%). In-hospital mortality was 2%, with a median length of stay of 8 days. The primary patency of PTFE reconstructed IVCs was 97% and 92% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, compared with 73% at 1 and 5 years for the non-PTFE reconstructed IVCs. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival for the entire cohort were 94%, 86%, and 65%, respectively CONCLUSIONS: The findings from our multi-institutional study have demonstrated that complete en bloc resection of IVC leiomyosarcoma with vascular surgical reconstruction in selected patients results in low perioperative mortality and is associated with excellent long-term patency. A ringed PTFE graft was the most commonly used conduit for caval reconstruction, yielding excellent long-term primary patency.

Changes in Anesthesia Can Reduce Periprocedural Urinary Retention After EVAR.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs provide a streamlined approach for expedient postoperative care of high-volume procedures. Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) has become standard treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms and implementation of an early recovery program is warranted. Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) remains a problem lending to longer hospital stays and patient discomfort. We aim to demonstrate the utility of monitored anesthetic care (MAC) plus local anesthesia as a modality to minimize urinary retention following EVAR. METHODS: Single-center retrospective review from January 2017 to March 2020 of all patients undergoing standard elective EVAR under general anesthesia or MAC anesthesia. Local anesthetic at vessel access sites was used in all patients under MAC. Ruptured pathology and female sex were excluded from analysis. Patient characteristics, operative details, prostate measurements, and outcomes were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Urinary retention was defined as any requirement of straight catheterization, urinary catheter replacement, or discharge with urinary catheter. Chi square tests and logistic regression were used to determine predictors associated with POUR and increased hospital length of stay. RESULTS: Among 138 patients who underwent EVAR, eight (5.8%) were excluded due to ruptured pathology. Of the cohort, 113 (86.9%) were male with mean age of 73 years. Excluding female patients, 63 (55.8%) male patients underwent general anesthesia and 50 (44.3%) underwent MAC. Male patients under general anesthesia were more likely to have intra-operative urinary catheter placement when compared to MAC (82.5% vs. 36%, respectively; P < 0.001). POUR was identified in 17 patients (13.1%) of the entire study population with 15 events (88.2%) occurring in males. Excluding patients who were admitted to the ICU, twenty-two (19.5%) male patients stayed past postoperative day (POD) one, of which those who developed POUR were more likely to experience compared to those without POUR (45.6% vs. 9.7%, respectively; P = 0.001). On multivariable analysis, male patients who received MAC had a lower risk of developing POUR (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.50). POUR was not associated with elective urinary catheter placement nor with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes, urinary retention, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), or use of BPH medications. Additionally, neither prostate size nor volume was associated with developing POUR among male patients. CONCLUSION: MAC plus local anesthesia is associated with decreased rates of POUR after elective EVAR in male patients. ERAS pathways during elective EVAR interventions should implement MAC plus local anesthesia as an acceptable anesthetic option, where appropriate, in order to reduce urinary retention rates and subsequently decrease hospital length of stay in this patient cohort.

Direct oral anticoagulants decrease treatment failure for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: Optimal medical therapy for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) remains an enigma. While clinical trials demonstrate non-inferiority with an oral anti-Xa inhibitor, or direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), versus combined low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and oral vitamin K antagonist (VKA), the most effective regimen remains to be determined. METHODS: This study is a single-center retrospective cohort study from October 2014 to December 2015 of patients with a diagnosis of acute DVT and subsequent serial lower extremity venous duplex. Demographics, medical history, medications, serial ultrasound findings, as well as the primary anticoagulant used for treatment were collected and analyzed by two independent data extractors. Treatment failure was defined as any new DVT or progression of an existing DVT within 3 months of diagnosis of the index clot. Risk factors for treatment failure were assessed using standard odds ratios and Fischer's exact test. RESULTS: Among 496 patients with an acute lower extremity DVT, 54% (n = 266) were men, mean age was 61 years, 35% (n = 174) involved the popliteal or more proximal segments, and 442 had documentation of the primary treatment for DVT: 20% (n = 90) received nothing; 20% (n = 92) received an oral VKA; 34% (n = 149) received a DOAC; 20% (n = 90) received LMWH; and 5% (n = 21) received another class of anticoagulant. Within 3 months, 21% (n=89 out of 427) had treatment failure defined as any new DVT or progression of prior DVT. Patients treated with a DOAC were less likely to experience treatment failure when compared with any other treatment (odds ratio 0.43; 95% confidence intervals [0.23, 0.79]; p = 0.0069) and when compared with traditional oral VKA (OR 0.44; 95% CI [0.21, 0.92]; p = 0.029). None of prior history of DVT, pulmonary embolism, thrombophilia, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, cancer, or antiplatelet therapy correlated with treatment failure. Treatment outcome did not correlate with being on any anticoagulation versus none (p = 0.74), nor did it correlate with the duration of treatment (<3 months versus ≥3 months) (p = 0.42). Proximal and distal DVTs showed no difference in treatment failure (19% versus 22%, respectively; p = 0.43). CONCLUSION: In summary, the use of a DOAC for acute lower extremity DVT yielded better overall outcomes and fewer treatment failures at 3 months as compared to traditional oral VKA therapy based on serial duplex imaging.

Anticoagulant-Related Intramuscular Hematomas in an Inpatient Acute Rehabilitation Population: A Case Series.

ABSTRACT: Anticoagulant-related intramuscular hematomas are uncommon. However, when they do occur, the clinical consequences can be significant. The authors describe nine patients on anticoagulation undergoing rehabilitation who experienced an intramuscular hematoma. In all cases, activity in therapy before the intramuscular hematoma was considered normal therapeutic activity and consistent with activity commonly performed during rehabilitation. The study found that the anticoagulated rehabilitation population is at risk for intramuscular hematomas and poses a diagnostic challenge because many are insensate and, therefore, present atypically.

Ipsilateral carotid bypass outcomes in hostile neck anatomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in outcomes among patients undergoing ipsilateral carotid bypass with hostile or normal neck anatomy. METHODS: Single-center retrospective review of all ipsilateral extracranial carotid bypasses performed between 1998 and 2018. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients underwent ipsilateral carotid bypass from the common carotid artery to either the internal carotid artery or carotid bifurcation during the study period. Seven patients were excluded owing to either a lack of follow-up or missing data. The indications for intervention included infected patches, aneurysmal degeneration, symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis or restenosis, carotid body tumors, neck malignancy, and trauma. In 25 procedures (61%), there was a hostile neck anatomy defined as a prior history of external beam neck irradiation or neck surgery. Among this group, 12 pectoralis muscle flaps were performed for reconstructive coverage. Conduits included polytetrafluorethylene (n = 21), great saphenous vein (n = 9), superficial femoral artery (n = 7) and arterial homograft (n = 4). All superficial femoral artery conduits were used in the hostile neck group (P = .03). The overall mean time of follow-up was 22 months, with all bypasses remaining patent with no significant clinical stenosis. The 30-day ipsilateral stroke and myocardial infarction rates were 4.88% each, all within the hostile neck group, with no 30-day mortalities for the entire cohort. One-third of the muscle flaps were performed in the setting of infected patches (P = .02) with no significant differences in perioperative outcomes with use. The overall median hospital length of stay was significantly increased in patients receiving muscle flap coverage (3.0 vs 7.0 days; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a complex carotid pathology, ipsilateral carotid bypass is an effective solution for carotid reconstruction. Different conduits should be used depending on the indication. Muscle flap coverage should be considered in hostile settings when primary wound closure is not feasible.

Adjunctive branch interventions during thoracic endovascular aortic repair for acute complicated type B dissection are not associated with inferior outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has been shown to effectively treat malperfusion associated with acute type B thoracic aortic dissection (TBAD). A subset of patients might still require adjunctive peripheral or visceral artery branch interventions during TEVAR to remedy persistent end organ malperfusion. Our objectives were to determine the incidence of these adjunctive interventions and to compare the outcomes between patients who had and had not undergone such interventions. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the TEVAR and complex EVAR module of the Vascular Quality Initiative from 2010 to 2019 to identify all patients treated for malperfusion due to acute TBAD. The anatomic branch and procedure performed at TEVAR were recorded. The 30-day mortality, need for reintervention, complication rates, and overall survival were compared between these patients stratified by adjunctive intervention status. RESULTS: A total of 426 patients had undergone TEVAR for acute TBAD with end organ malperfusion. Of the 426 patients, 126 (29.6%) had undergone 182 adjunctive branch interventions during TEVAR. The most common interventions were stenting (n = 86; 47.3%) and stent grafting (n = 49; 26.9%), with the most common site being the left renal artery (n = 49; 26.9%). The patients in both groups had similar 30-day mortality (12.4% with branch intervention vs 15.6% without; P = .511) and rates of in-hospital reintervention (19.2% with branch intervention vs 20.7% without; P = .732). No differences were found in the rates of postoperative complications or overall survival at 3 years between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive peripheral and visceral artery branch interventions in conjunction with TEVAR for acute TBAD with malperfusion occurred in one third of index cases, but did not predispose patients to worse overall outcomes. Adjunctive arterial branch interventions should be included in the treatment paradigm for acute TBAD with end organ malperfusion that does not improve with primary entry tear coverage alone.

Contemporary management of carotid body tumors in a Midwestern academic center.

BACKGROUND: Carotid body tumors are rare, neurogenic tumors arising from the periadventitial chemoreceptive tissue of the carotid body. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the presentation and preoperative risk factors associated with surgical resection. METHODS: A single-center retrospective review of 25 carotid body tumor resections from 2002 to 2019. Demographics, periprocedural details, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed using Stata (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). RESULTS: Among 25 patients, 64% were women, 84% were asymptomatic, and the mean age was 49 years (range 21-79). Forty-four percent of tumors were Shamblin III. Nine patients underwent preoperative embolization but did not correlate with decreased blood loss (299 cm3 vs 205 cm3, P = .35). The 30-day death, stroke, and cranial nerve injury rates were 0%, 8%, and 32%, respectively. Cranial nerve injuries included 20% vagus, 4% hypoglossal, 4% facial, and 4% glossopharyngeal, with permanent deficits in 4% (n = 1). Mean length of stay was 3.0 days (range 1-9 days). At a mean follow-up of 12 months (range 1-63 months), there has been no recurrence. CONCLUSION: Although carotid body tumors are uncommon in the Midwest, complete surgical resection is curative of these typically hormonally inactive tumors. Preoperative embolization did not affect blood loss, and the incidence of death, stroke, and permanent cranial nerve injury rates remained very low.

Outcomes of Sarcoma Resections Requiring Vascular Surgical Assistance: A Single-Center Experience.

Objective: To describe the types of intervention and determine patency and survival after arterial and venous reconstruction after surgical excision of sarcomas. Methods: Between November 2001 and July 2015, 42 patients with sarcomas and vascular involvement underwent surgical oncologic resection followed by arterial or venous reconstruction or preservation of the native vascular bundle. Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed on abstracted data, which included demographics, risk factors, oncologic and vascular treatment modalities, postoperative complications, graft patency, and survival outcomes. Results: A total of 42 sarcomas required vascular assistance for oncologic removal. The majority of sarcomas were malignant fibrous histiocytoma (23.8%), and the most common anatomic location was the retroperitoneum (48%). A total of 12 revascularizations procedures were performed, including 5 arterial, 3 venous, and 2 concomitant arterial and venous. In 32 cases, a vascular surgeon was needed for vessel ligation, repair, or mobilization. The overall 2- and 5-year survival was 77.7% and 26.2%, respectively, with no significant survival difference between patients who underwent revascularization compared to those without revascularization. There was a 100% patency rate in all cases at last follow-up, regardless of the type of vascular reconstruction (median 18 months, range 1-29 months). On multivariate analysis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; P = .002) and positive surgical margins (P = .003) were associated with decreased survival. Most cases were performed in the last 5 years of the study (n = 27, 64.3%). Conclusions: Vascular reconstruction is feasible after surgical oncologic resection of sarcomas with good mid-term patency and limb preservation. Factors independently associated with mortality included COPD and positive surgical margins.

Surgical approach, management, and oncologic outcomes of primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava: An institutional case series.

BACKGROUND: Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare tumor arising from the smooth muscle of vessel walls. Surgery is the only potential curative treatment. Given its rarity, optimal surgical, and oncologic management is not well described. We review our institutional series of primary leiomyosarcomas treated with resection and IVC reconstruction over the last decade. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent surgical resection of primary leiomyosarcoma of the IVC from November 2009 to March 2020 at a single tertiary care center was performed. RESULTS: Among the eight patients treated, the majority were female (87.5%) with a median age of 52 years (range, 44-63). Tumor was located in the infrarenal IVC in five patients (62.5%). IVC was reconstructed using a ring-enforced PTFE graft in six patients (75%). All but one patient had an intermediate (grade 2) or high grade (grade 3) tumor, and all resections achieved grossly negative margins. The 1- and 3-year disease-free survival was 85.7% and 64.3%, respectively. There were no disease-specific deaths during a median follow-up of 36 months (interquartile range, 10-51 months). CONCLUSIONS: With a well-coordinated multidisciplinary approach, primary leiomyosarcoma of the IVC can be safely resected with good long-term survival.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair with true-false-true lumen deployment.

Endovascular treatment of aortic dissection may be complicated by challenges to navigating the true lumen. In this report, we describe treatment of a type B dissection after open type A repair with aneurysmal degeneration, a short-segment occluded true lumen, and a distal re-entry tear near the celiac artery origin. Endovascular septal fenestration and subsequent thoracic endovascular aortic repair were used to bypass the short-segment midthoracic aortic occlusion, successfully excluding the thoracic aortic aneurysm. The patient was discharged without complications, and follow-up imaging demonstrated favorable aortic remodeling. The case demonstrates feasibility of an endovascular bypass of an intervening short-segment occluded true lumen using a thoracic endovascular aortic repair with true-false-true lumen deployment.