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1.
Behav Brain Res ; 393: 112791, 2020 09 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32599000

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease that is highly comorbid with depression. Gut dysfunction has been proposed as a possible risk factor for both clinical conditions. In the present study, we investigated the ability of treadmill exercise for 4 weeks (5 days/week, 40 min/day) to counteract amyloid ß1-40 peptide (Aß1-40)-induced depressive-like behavior, alterations in morphological parameters of the duodenum, and the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla. Aß1-40 administration (400 pmol/mouse, i.c.v.) increased immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and reduced time spent sniffing in the female urine sniffing test (FUST), indicating behavioral despair and impairment in reward-seeking behavior. These behavioral alterations, indicative of depressive-like behavior, were accompanied by reduced villus width in the duodenum. Moreover, photomicrographs obtained by transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormal epithelial microvilli in the duodenum from sedentary Aß1-40-exposed mice, characterized by shorter microvilli and heterogeneity in the length of these structures that exhibit a disordered packing. Regarding the ultrastructure of Paneth cells, Aß1-40 administration caused a reduction in the secretory granule diameter, as well as an enlarged peripheral halo. These animals also presented reduced Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes abundance, and increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio. Most of the alterations observed in Aß1-40-exposed mice were prevented by the practice of physical exercise. Altogether the results provide evidence of the prophylactic effect of physical exercise on Aß1-40-induced depressive-like behavior and gut dysfunction in mice, suggesting that physical exercise could be useful for preventing depression associated with AD.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage , Depression/physiopathology , Duodenum/physiopathology , Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Animals , Depression/chemically induced , Disease Models, Animal , Male , Mice
2.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 167(1-2): 15-21, 2015 Sep 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26163934

ABSTRACT

Paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminant animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). A hallmark of paratuberculosis is a transition from a cell-mediated Th1 type response to a humoral Th2 response with the progression of disease from a subclinical to clinical state. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of two crucial molecules in T cell function, ZAP-70 (zeta-chain-associated protein of 70 kDa) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), in cows naturally infected with MAP. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from control non-infected cows (n=5), and cows in subclinical (n=6) and clinical stages of paratuberculosis (n=6) were cultured alone (medium only), and with concanavalin A, and a whole cell sonicate of MAP for 24, 72 and 144 h to measure the dynamic changes of ZAP-70 and CTLA-4 expression on CD4, CD8, and gamma delta (γδ) T cells. Flow cytometry was also performed to measure ZAP-70 phosphorylation to examine proximal T cell receptor signaling in animals of different disease status. The surface expression of CTLA-4 was increased in animals in subclinical stage of infection while levels of ZAP-70 were decreased in CD4+ T cells of both subclinical and clinical animals, indicating a change in T cell phenotype with disease state. Interestingly, proximal T cell receptor signaling was not altered in infected animals. This study demonstrated changes in crucial signaling molecules in animals infected with MAP, thereby elucidating T cell alterations associated with disease progression.


Subject(s)
CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Paratuberculosis/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/immunology , Animals , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Cattle , Female , Ileum/immunology , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/immunology , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/pathogenicity , Phosphorylation , Signal Transduction/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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