The contribution of supraglottic laryngeal adjustments to voice: phonetic evidence from Arabic.

In this study, we provide nasendoscopic observations illustrating phonetic contrasts in Arabic that require supraglottic laryngeal adjustments, and demonstrate how the laryngeal constrictor mechanism contributes to phonetic descriptions of phonation. Arabic has two pharyngeal consonants (voiceless and voiced). We show, among others, that these two consonants possess auditory features of whisperiness and creaky voice, respectively, and are always produced with supraglottic constriction similar but more marked than during whispery or creaky [i]. However, during modal [i], the epilaryngeal space is wide open. We outline a revised model of laryngeal constriction where 'voice' is controlled to a large degree by supraglottic as well as glottic mechanisms. Some hypotheses are also proposed concerning the possible muscular synergies that induce these supraglottic gestures.

The IPA categories "pharyngeal" and "epiglottal": laryngoscopic observations of pharyngeal articulations and larynx height.

The phonetic problem is to describe accurately the articulatory mechanism, or mechanisms, responsible for the production of a series of sounds that are presently labelled on the chart of the International Phonetic Association as either pharyngeal or epiglottal. The sounds on which these categories are based are found in the Semitic languages, in the languages of the Caucasus, and in the languages of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. In order to reconcile a variety of descriptive terms with a logical phonetic taxonomy, auditorily distinguishable parameters are deduced from a naturally occurring variety of sounds, isolated articulatorily, and observed with a fibreoptic laryngoscope to define a cardinal set of articulatory possibilities. Auditory comparisons with database illustrations of the sounds of various languages inform the production of cardinal values in the laryngoscopic study. Voiceless pharyngeals (fricatives) are identified by aryepiglottic fold constriction and a medial aperture. Voiced pharyngeals (approximants) are identified by aryepiglottic fold constriction and a covered glottis. Trilling can occur laterally along the aryepiglottic folds in either voiceless (fricative) or voiced (approximant) mode. A pharyngeal plosive is identified by full occlusion of the aryepiglottic sphincter. "Epiglottal" sounds, which have been described auditorily as "deeper" or "more extreme" than pharyngeals, are associated with either the trilled varieties of the simple fricative or approximant, or the default raised larynx posture of the aryepiglottic sphincter, with radical retraction of the tongue. They are therefore more severely constricted, but not physiologically "deeper" than simple [symbol: see text] or [symbol: see text]. Pharyngeal articulations may also be produced with larynx lowering. Voiceless pharyngeal [symbol: see text] may be accompanied by lowering of the larynx to distinguish it from a larynx-raised [H] variant. Larynx height variations are also found in "tense/lax" register distinctions.