Estudios sobre el virus del papiloma humano y cáncer cervical en el Ecuador / Studies on the human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in Ecuador

El presente artículo recopila un extracto de las distintas ponencias realizadas por investigadores de diferentes lugares del Ecuador en el marco del Simposio sobre Cáncer Cervical y el virus del papiloma humano ocurrido en el 5° Congresosobre enfermedades infecciosas llevado a cabo en octubre del 2018 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Quito). Estas presentaciones presentan un diagnóstico acerca de la situación actual del virus de papiloma humano (VPH) y del cáncer cervical en nuestra región. Estas presentaciones complementan la información presentada en un evento similar realizado hace un par de años en las Jornadas Nacionales de Biología Espol 2016, constituyendo estas memorias en conjunto como uno de los pocos documentos disponibles que recopilan los últimos avances realizados en este campo en el Ecuador en años recientes.

Thisarticle compiles an extract of the different presentations made by researchers from different parts of Ecuador in the framework of the Symposium on Cervical Cancer and the human papillomavirus occurred at the 5th Congress on infectious diseases carried out in October 2018 at the Pontificia Catholic University of Ecuador (Quito). These presentations present a diagnosis about the current situation of human papilloma virus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer in our region. These presentations complement the informationpresented in a similar event held a couple of years ago at the National Conference of Biology Espol2016, constituting these memories together as one of the few documents available that assemble the latest advances made in this field in Ecuador in recent years.

La ratio de grosor diafragmático (inspiratorio/espiratorio) como método diagnóstico de parálisis diafragmática asociada al bloqueo interescálenico / Diaphragmatic thickness ratio (inspiratory/expiratory) as a diagnostic method of diaphragmatic palsy associated with interescalene block

Introducción. La parálisis diafragmática es un efecto indeseable clásicamente asociado al bloqueo interescalénico. De forma reciente ha sido introducido en clínica el índice del grosor del músculo diafragma (grosor inspiratorio/grosor espiratorio) obtenido mediante ecografía como herramienta diagnóstica en la parálisis crónica y atrofia del músculo diafragma. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar este índice para el diagnóstico de paresia frénica aguda asociada al bloqueo interescalénico. Pacientes y métodos. Diseñamos un estudio observacional descriptivo en 22 pacientes programados para artroscopia de hombro. Se les realizó una espirometría forzada (se consideró paresia frénica un descenso del FVC y FEV1 ≥20%), se identificó la zona de aposición en la línea axilar anterior y se evaluó el desplazamiento diafragmático en inspiración y espiración máximas (n.° de espacios intercostales; se consideró paresia frénica una reducción ≥25%) y el grosor del músculo diafragma (se consideró paresia frénica un índice<1,2). Estas determinaciones se realizaron antes y a los 20 min de realizar el bloqueo interescalénico entre C5 y C6 con 20ml de ropivacaína 0,5%. Resultados. Veintiún pacientes (95%) presentaron bloqueo del nervio frénico según alguno o varios de los métodos empleados. Un paciente no manifestó ningún síntoma ni signo sugestivo de parálisis frénica y fue excluido del análisis posterior. Todos los pacientes presentaron paresia frénica con base en el índice del grosor diafragmático, con un índice prebloqueo de 1,8±0,5 y posbloqueo de 1,05±0,06 (p<0,001). El 90% de los pacientes (19) presentó paresia frénica según la espirometría y todos los pacientes presentaron un descenso diafragmático reducido tras el bloqueo (de 1,9±0,5 espacios intercostales a 0,5±0,3; p<0,001). Conclusión. El índice del grosor diafragmático en inspiración/espiración<1,2 parece ser de utilidad en el diagnóstico de paresia frénica asociada al bloqueo interescalénico, sin que sea necesaria una evaluación basal prebloqueo (AU)

Introduction. Diaphragmatic paralysis is a side-effect associated with interscalene block. Thickness index of the diaphragm muscle (inspiratory thickness/expiratory thickness) obtained by ultrasound has recently been introduced in clinical practice for diagnosis of diaphragm muscle atrophy. Our objective was to evaluate this index for the diagnosis of acute phrenic paresis associated with interscalene block. Patients and methods. We designed an observational study in 22 patients scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy. Spirometry was performed (criteria of phrenic paresis was a decrease in FVC and FEV1 ≥20%). Ultrasound apposition zone was assessed in anterior axillary line and diaphragmatic displacement was evaluated on inspiration and expiration (number of intercostal spaces; phrenic paresis considered a reduction ≥25%) and thickness of the diaphragm muscle (a phrenic paresis was considered an index <1.2). These determinations were performed before and at 20min after interscalene block at C5-C6 with 20ml of 0.5% ropivacaine. Results. Twenty-one patients (95%) presented phrenic nerve block according to one or more of the methods used. One patient did not show any symptoms or signs suggestive of phrenic paralysis and was excluded. All the patients presented phrenic paresis based on the diaphragmatic thickness index, with the pre-block index being 1.8±0.5 and post-block of 1.05±0.06 (P<0.001). Ninety percent of the patients (19) presented phrenic paresis according to spirometry and all the patients had a reduction in diaphragmatic movement after the block (from 1.9±0.5 intercostal spaces to 0.5±0.3; P<0.001). Conclusion. The index of inspiratory / expiratory diaphragmatic thickness at cut-off <1.2 seems to be useful in the diagnosis of phrenic paresis associated with interscalene block. This index does not require a baseline pre-assessment (AU)

Diaphragmatic thickness ratio (inspiratory/expiratory) as a diagnostic method of diaphragmatic palsy associated with interescalene block. / La ratio de grosor diafragmático (inspiratorio/espiratorio) como método diagnóstico de parálisis diafragmática asociada al bloqueo interescálenico.

INTRODUCTION: Diaphragmatic paralysis is a side-effect associated with interscalene block. Thickness index of the diaphragm muscle (inspiratory thickness/expiratory thickness) obtained by ultrasound has recently been introduced in clinical practice for diagnosis of diaphragm muscle atrophy. Our objective was to evaluate this index for the diagnosis of acute phrenic paresis associated with interscalene block. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We designed an observational study in 22 patients scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy. Spirometry was performed (criteria of phrenic paresis was a decrease in FVC and FEV1 ≥20%). Ultrasound apposition zone was assessed in anterior axillary line and diaphragmatic displacement was evaluated on inspiration and expiration (number of intercostal spaces; phrenic paresis considered a reduction ≥25%) and thickness of the diaphragm muscle (a phrenic paresis was considered an index <1.2). These determinations were performed before and at 20min after interscalene block at C5-C6 with 20ml of 0.5% ropivacaine. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (95%) presented phrenic nerve block according to one or more of the methods used. One patient did not show any symptoms or signs suggestive of phrenic paralysis and was excluded. All the patients presented phrenic paresis based on the diaphragmatic thickness index, with the pre-block index being 1.8±0.5 and post-block of 1.05±0.06 (P<0.001). Ninety percent of the patients (19) presented phrenic paresis according to spirometry and all the patients had a reduction in diaphragmatic movement after the block (from 1.9±0.5 intercostal spaces to 0.5±0.3; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The index of inspiratory / expiratory diaphragmatic thickness at cut-off <1.2 seems to be useful in the diagnosis of phrenic paresis associated with interscalene block. This index does not require a baseline pre-assessment.