Stability of Extemporaneous Oral Tramadol, Fluoxetine, and Doxycycline Suspensions in SyrSpend SF pH4.

Extemporaneous compounding in veterinary practice sometimes represents the only possibility for treating animals in the absence of appropriate commercial formulations, especially for particular species. This method involves manipulating pharmaceutical active ingredients to a suitable dosage and formulation for administration to humans or animals. However, veterinarians and pharmacists should focus on the risk of potential incompatibilities and instability of their preparations. To help practitioners in drug compounding, we investigated the stability of oral suspensions of tramadol, fluoxetine, and doxycycline in a commercial ready-to-use vehicle (SyrSpend). A validated high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to assay these active pharmaceutical ingredients. The oral suspensions were prepared at two concentration ranges and were stored in amber glass bottles under refrigerated conditions and at room temperature. After 90 days, the average recovery rates were between 90% and 110% for tramadol (5 mg/mL to 30 mg/mL) and doxycycline  (2 mg/mL to 10 mg/mL) without organoleptic modification. For fluoxetine, only the formulation at 2 mg/mL was stable; at higher concentrations, the uniformity of the suspension was compromised.

Symptom reports from a cohort of African American and white women in the late reproductive years.

OBJECTIVE: To identify symptoms experienced in a cohort of healthy women in the late reproductive years; to compare symptom reports between African American and Caucasian women; and to determine the extent to which other factors in reproductive health, mood and behavior, lifestyle, and demographic background are associated with the reported symptoms. DESIGN: A cohort of women aged 35 to 47 years (mean age, 41 years) was identified through random digit dialing. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data collected at enrollment from a subset of 308 women who completed daily symptom reports (DSR) for one menstrual cycle. Data were obtained in structured interviews and self-administered standard questionnaires. The associations of the study variables with symptoms as assessed by the DSR were examined using analysis of variance and general linear models. RESULTS: The African American women were significantly more likely to report in interview that they experienced menopausal symptoms (46% vs. 30%; p < 0.001) and had significantly higher ratings on the physiological symptom factor of the DSR, which included hot flashes, dizziness, poor coordination/clumsiness, urine leaks, and vaginal dryness. The DSR yielded two other factors of psychological and somatic symptoms. Race was associated only with the physiological symptom factor in the multivariable analyses. Neither race nor age were associated with psychological symptoms, which were predicted by current or past mood problems. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms commonly associated with the menopause are experienced in the late reproductive years before observable changes in menstrual cycles. African American women reported more physiological symptoms than white women. These data provide an essential baseline for longitudinal study of symptoms associated with the ovarian decline in the perimenopausal years.

Racial differences in menopause information and the experience of hot flashes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of hot flashes and health education regarding menopause in African-American and white American women in the late reproductive years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Population-based sample recruited through random digit dialing. PARTICIPANTS: The sample was 436 women between the ages of 35 and 48 years with regular menses. Half the sample was African American and half was white American. MAIN RESULTS: African-American women (53%) were more likely than white American women (29%) to have experienced hot flashes (p < .001). The difference remained after adjustment for body-mass index, education, menstrual cycle characteristics, and gynecologic and medical history. Despite the high prevalence of symptoms, few women had discussed menopausal management with their physicians. For white women the media were the primary source of menopause-related information, whereas African-American women reported that their family was the primary source of information. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that hot flashes occur commonly among women in their thirties and forties who have regular menstrual cycles and that the prevalence of hot flashes appears to differ by race. Studies should be designed to evaluate the hormonal and physiologic implications of these symptoms among women in their late reproductive years. Few of these women had discussed menopause with their physicians. Given the differences in sources of information about menopause, development of culture-specific health education programs should be considered.