Immunophenotyping of lymphocyte subsets in the third eyelid tissue in dogs (Canis familiaris): morphological, microvascular, and secretory aspects of this ocular adnexa.

The third eyelid is an important adnexa of the eye. The objective of this study was to evaluate (i) morphological aspects (ii) vascularization, and (iii) the immunophenotype of lymphocyte subsets in the third eyelid of dogs. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the presence of three patterns concerning the immunophenotype of the third eyelid tissue. Dogs without ocular insult or deficient tear production might belong to one of the following immunophenotype patterns: I--the number of T-cells that expressed CD3(+) CD8(+) was higher than the number of cells that expressed CD3(+)CD4(+). II--the number of cells CD3(+)C4(+) was higher than the number of cells CD3(+)CD8(+) and in this case a higher number of cells that expressed CD19 were identified. III--Proximity of values of the cells that expressed CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+). These data might suggest that the number of lymphocyte T cells alone should not be considered a direct indicator of the presence of an immune-based inflammation. Besides, a particular population of T-cells does not indicate a particular inflammatory state. The morphological study of the third eyelid revealed a rather uncommon angioarchitecture. The artery that irrigates the eyelid crosses almost the entire length of this structure to achieve its free border, and only then, ramificates deeply towards an inner segmental level. This spatial microvascular arrangement probably results from an adaptation to the fact that the third eyelid, in the medial cantus of the eye, is inwardly compressed into a tiny space. Efficient vascularization is achieved by allowing the first ramifications of the third eyelid artery to run straight to the top. Accini secretor cells of the third eyelid show a mucin content while tubuloacinar cells are mainly serous.

The transmediastinal arteries of the human testis: an anatomical study.

Although the arterial supply of the human testis via the testicular artery is a well-studied subject, the pattern of approach that this vessel takes when reaching the gland is, on the other hand, not as well described. Based on the observation of angiological preparations of 196 adult human testes, the authors describe the presence of transmediastinal testicular vessels in one fourth of the cases. These were of two varieties, as regards the testicular mediastinum: centrifugal and centripetal. The centrifugal vessels were briefly mentioned in the nineteenth century scientific literature, undescribed in twentieth century anatomical studies and only recently referred to in color Doppler ultrasonographic studies; the centripetal vessels are previously undescribed. The authors propose the terms transmediastinal centrifugal and centripetal arteries to designate them.

Intermediary spleen microvasculature in canis familiaris- morphological evidences of a closed and open type.

Numerous studies have been made regarding circulation via the red pulp of the spleen, and intense controversy surrounds the question as to whether or not endothelial continuity exists between arterial and venous vessels. Aware of this intense controversy, and in order to perform investigation over the spleen of dogs infected with a parasitic disease (future reports shall be done), the authors studied the vascularization of the normal dog spleen in order to define its normal pattern and evaluate the eventual changes of the circulation pattern under the parasitic condition. These studies led us to report, unequivocally, using complementary vascular replective techniques, that the normal dog's intermediary circulation is morphologically closed and of the open kind also. These findings are contrary to the thesis that defends the existence of a physiologically closed and morphologically open circulation in the dog spleen. Lymphatic vessels in the spleen of the dog are also demonstrated.

Microvasculature of the corpus epididymis of canis familiaris. A scanning electron microscopic study of microvascular corrosion casts.

The microvasculature of the corpus epididymis of adult domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) was studied using the technique of scanning electron microscopy of microvascular corrosion casts. The vascularization of the dog's corpus epididymis is accomplished by small arteries that course in the upper border of the organ. From these vessels arise first order arterioles (200-101 microm) which cross the surface of the epididymis and often show some coiling. The latter vessels supply second order arterioles (100-31 microm) which vascularize segments of the epididymal duct. The coiled and tight course of this duct is responsible for its peculiar microvascular arrangement. This is characterized by a 'bicycle-wheel' pattern and it is provided with precapillary or terminal arterioles (30-11 microm) nourishing a rich periductal network, mostly formed by anastomosing capillaries (10-3 microm). The periductal capillary network drains into postcapillary (11-30 microm), second order (31-100 microm) and first order (101-200 microm) venules, which empty into small calibre veins that course in the upper border of the epididymis. Anastomoses between vessels of the same type are often found. These are arteriovenous anastomoses mainly located at the periductal network. This study demonstrates that the epididymal microvasculature can be subdivided into a distribution microvascular network (DMN), formed by first and second order arterioles and venules, which presents a behaviour independent of the epididymal duct's sinuosities and a nutrition microvascular network (NMN), formed by precapillary arterioles, capillaries and post-capillary venules, characterised by the close relationship of the vessels with the loops of the epididymal duct.

Ultrastructural aspects of the microvasculature of the cochlea: the internal spiral network.

We performed a study of the microvasculature of the cochlea with scanning electron microscopy on corrosion casts in the guinea pig. This study was performed in 140 cochleas from healthy adult guinea pigs. Different microvascular techniques were used, including injection-microdissection in 53 cases, injection-diaphanization in 27 cases, a histologic technique in 34 cases, injection-microdissection-diaphanization in 32 cases, and scanning electron microscopy on corrosion casts in 14 cases. The internal radiating arterioles branch off as collateral branches of the spiral modiolar artery, as first-order collateral branches. We detail the morphology, caliber, trajectory, and collateral branches. Among their collateral branches, are third-order arterioles, the arterioles to the spiral ganglia, and the arterioles of the tympanic lip. The arterioles of the tympanic lip form, through their anastomosis, a rich capillary network at the edge of the spiral lamina, called the internal spiral network. We emphasize the glomeruli of Schwalbe, which arise near the scala tympani as third-order arterioles with a medium caliber of 14 microm. The upper glomeruli, situated in the bony wall, and the lower glomeruli, situated in the width of the osseous spiral lamina, form vascular loops made of anastomosed capillaries with a caliber of less than 10 microm. These loops play an important role as efficient devices, or "relay stations," for regulation of cochlear blood flow. The comparison of results obtained with each technique gave the perspective of the cochlear microvasculature with great accuracy.

Changes in the vasa vasorum following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in a canine model of aortic stenosis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on the vasa vasorum in dogs with experimentally created abdominal aortic stenoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two stenoses were created in the abdominal aorta in each of 21 dogs. After 6 weeks, the more cephalic stenosis was dilated; the other stenosis served as an untreated control. Groups of three dogs were killed at 24 hours, 3 and 6 weeks, and 4, 8, 12, and 18 months after angioplasty. The aortae were studied by means of histologic examination, microangiography, scanning electron microscopy, and the Spalteholz technique. RESULTS: At nondilated stenoses, the vasa vasorum was interrupted in the outer adventitia and unchanged in the outer media. At dilated stenoses, the number of precapillary arterioles in the outer media progressively increased up to 8 months; thereafter, the number of precapillary arterioles began to decrease. At 18 months, the number was normal. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty brings about changes in the number of precapillary arterioles in the outer media of the aorta in our canine model of focal abdominal aortic stenosis.

Vasa vasorum changes following stent placement in experimental arterial stenoses.

PURPOSE: Experimental stenoses were created in canine aortae to compare the effects of stent placement and balloon angioplasty on the vasa vasorum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A balloon-expandable Palmaz stent was placed in the proximal stenosis, and angioplasty was performed in the distal stenosis in each of eight dogs. Two dogs were killed at 4, 8, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Specimens were studied by means of microangiography, histology, scanning electronic microscopy, and Spalteholz technique. RESULTS: At up to 12 months, there was proliferation of the vasa vasorum and a rich plexus formed in each of the animals at each treated site. More vasa vasorum were seen after stent placement than after angioplasty. The new vessels were mainly venules located in the media. At 18 months, there was regression of the venules and the vasa vasorum distribution returned to baseline. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that the effects of stents on the vasa vasorum are temporary.

[Diaphanization: modifications of organ weight and volume]. / La diaphanisation: modifications du poids et du volume des organes.

The diaphanization of organs previously injected with coloured substances is an excellent auxiliary method of numerous morphological studies. The authors studied 52 organs, among 15 were taken from human beings and 37 from dogs, with the aim of knowing theirs weight and volume modifications after diaphanization. The organs were diaphanizated with several impregnations in 10% formaldehyde, perydrol, acetone and at least embedding in a mixture of methylsalicylate and benzyl benzoate by vacuum process. After each embedding, weight and volume of each organ were measured. The variations that the organs suffered were statistically considered, under a few aspects: 1-global organs' variations after each embedding 2-different organs' variations 3-comparison between human being and experimental animals. In all cases, the authors noticed a great decrease of weight and volume, especially after dehydration steps with acetone and clearing with the mixture of methylsalicylate and benzyl benzoate. We also didn't find any significant difference between human organs and those taken from dogs.

[Diaphanization and vascular study of the dog vertebra]. / Diaphanisation et étude vasculaire de la vertèbre de chien.

Using a technique of diaphanization, modified from the one described by Spalteholz in 1924 and once more modified, for this study, for studying bone, the authors had to use a decalcification process. The authors studied the differences in arterial vascularization between the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and also the vascularization of each of the vertebral elements.

[Arterial vascularization of the vertebral column. Injection-corrosion-fluorescence technic]. / La vascularisation artérielle de la colonne vertébrale. Technique d'injection-corrosion-fluorescence.

The authors have used the technique of injection-corrosion-fluorescence for a better knowledge of the arterial vascularization of the vertebral column of dogs. The vascular molds have been observed under ultraviolet light, and the magnificent fluorescence allowed easy reading of the results. At the cervical level they are the vertebral and the deep cervical arteries as the main arterial sources, at the thoracic level it is the intercostal, and in the lumbar region the lumbar arteries.

[New aspects and controversies on the vascularization of the white pulp of the spleen in the rat]. / Aspects nouveaux et controverses de la vascularisation de la pulpe blanche splénique chez le rat.

The authors have studied the arterial supply of splenic white pulp of the rat, by means of optic and scanning electron microscopy. This work shows that the marginal zone is a free and interstitial circulatory one that envelopes completely the periarterial lymphocyte sheets. These ones are vascular exclusion areas although crossed by vessels, probably impermeable, that pour their contents at the inner border of the marginal zone. It was impossible to find a so called "marginal sinus" neither a complete nor an incomplete one. These facts can explain and change some poorly understood immunological aspects.

[Various aspects of the microvascularization of the thyroid follicles in the rabbit]. / Quelques aspects de la microvascularisation des follicules thyroidïens chez le lapin.

The authors, use histology and diaphanization after the injection of Micropaque 25% with gelatin 10% in 35 rabbits, 25 female and 10 male, with race, weight and age variable, to show some aspects of the thyroid follicles microvascularization. In this experimental animal we observe a follicle vascularization like the one described by other authors.

Arterial component of the angioarchitecture of the canine ovary.

In order to study and possibly identify a vascular pattern in the canine ovary, 30 ovarian specimens received arterial injections of a mixture of 'Micropaque' with hydrosoluble red pigment, followed by clearing. The aorta or the femoral artery was catheterized and the injection was performed under a constant pressure of 120 mm Hg. The blood supply of the ovary is provided by the ovarian and the uterine artery. The former appears to be the most important of the two arteries since it is the largest and is the origin of a very rich vascular net in the ovarian stroma. It follows a helicine course within the broad ligament and enters into the ovarian stroma either by a single trunk or by two divergent branches, each supplying the anterior and the posterior half. When there is only a single trunk, one can see a vascular tuft totally occupying the stroma, with tortuosities running in the same direction as the longitudinal axis of the ovary. When there are two branches, the distribution is similar but with two tufts instead of one. From the ovarian artery several branches arise, the largest and most frequent being the lateral tubal artery and a branch which anastomoses with the uterine artery in the mesovarium. Other branches anastomose with one another or with branches of the uterine artery, forming a rich vascular net along the mesovarium. The uterine artery is situated within the broad ligament and runs along the lateral border of the uterus and up to the superior extremity of the uterus where it ends.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)