ABSTRACT
Estudios recientes de estimulación transcraneal con corriente directa (tDCS), aplicada sobre la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral (CPFDL), han demostrado que pueden reducir el craving y el consumo de tabaco. Sin embargo, existen pocas investigaciones que hayan evaluado los efectos del tDCS sobre la motivación y la autoeficacia para dejar de fumar. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la tDCS sobre el patrón de consumo, la motivación y la autoeficacia percibida para dejar de fumar en 16 personas con Trastorno por Consumo de Tabaco (TCT). Se utilizó un diseño de series temporales con replicación intrasujeto ABAB. El tratamiento consistió en la aplicación de 10 sesiones repetidas de tDCS a 1.5 mA durante 20 minutos sobre la CPFDL (cátodo F3 y ánodo F4), una sesión diaria durante dos semanas (lunes a viernes). Tras una fase de descanso de un mes, se replicó el tratamiento intrasujeto en idénticas condiciones. La intervención completa duró nueve semanas y fue completada por 10 participantes. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa en la dependencia a la nicotina, el número de cigarrillos fumados y los niveles de monóxido de carbono (CO) en el aire espirado. Además, observamos una mejora significativa en la motivación y la autoeficacia percibida para dejar de fumar. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el tDCS, aplicado sobre la CPFDL, puede ser una técnica efectiva para usar como terapia coadyuvante a otras estrategias farmacológicas y/o psicológicas empleadas en las Unidades de Conductas Adictivas (UCAs), u otros centros de atención a las drogodependencias. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que investiguen la interacción entre los efectos de la nicotina y el tDCS para encontrar la estrategia óptima de tratamiento. (AU)
Recent studies of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (CPFDL), have shown that they can reduce craving and smoking. However, there is little research that has evaluated the effects of tDCS on motivation and self-efficacy to quit smoking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tDCS on the pattern of consumption, motivation and perceived self-efficacy to quit smoking in 16 people with Tobacco Use Disorder (TUD). A time series design with intrasubject ABAB replication was used. The treatment consisted of applying 10 repeated sessions of tDCS at 1.5 mA for 20 minutes on the CPFDL (cathode F3 and anode F4), one daily session for two weeks (Monday to Friday). After a one-month rest phase, the intra-subject treatment was replicated under identical conditions. The entire intervention lasted nine weeks and was completed by 10 participants. The results showed a significant reduction in nicotine dependence, the number of cigarettes smoked and the levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaled air. Furthermore, we observed a significant improvement in motivation and perceived self-efficacy to quit smoking. These findings suggest that the tDCS, applied on the CPFDL, may be an effective technique to use as adjunctive therapy to other pharmacological and / or psychological strategies used in the Addictive Behavior Units, or other drug addiction care centers. However, more studies are needed to investigate the interaction between the effects of nicotine and tDCS to find the optimal treatment strategy. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/psychology , Tobacco Use , Smoking Cessation/methods , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Motivation , Self EfficacyABSTRACT
Background Complete resection of symptomatic supratentorial cavernoma (SCA) and removal of the surrounding gliotic area is recommended to minimize the risk of persistent seizures or (re)bleeding. Surgery of SCA located in an eloquent area, can carry out severe postoperative neurological morbidity. We report a study aimed to assess feasibility, extent of resection and outcome after surgical removal of CA by cortico-subcortical intraoperative brain stimulation (ioBS) in the awake patient. Methods Six patients diagnosed of symptomatic SCA located on an eloquent area and operated on while awake under local anaesthesia ioBS, were included. Preoperative planning included neuropsychologic assessment of language-related functions, sociocognitive functions and executive functions. Intraoperatively, we recorded the results achieved in the planned neuropsychological tasks when stimulation was applied (cortical and subcortical). Postoperative control 3D MRI was scheduled at 1 month after surgery to calculate extent of resection. Neuropsychological assessment at 6 months after surgery was performed in all cases. Results Six patients (5 females, 1 male) aged 2448 years were included in our study. Locations of the lesions were right insular (n=1), left insular (n=1), left temporo-insular (n=1), left temporal (n=2) and left frontal (n=1). In all patients, positive findings were obtained during ioBS. In 5 patients, complete surgical resection was achieved. Two patients had postoperative transient neurological deficits, one case of hemiparesis, one case of dysnomia, both cleared over a 6-month period. Clinical follow-up revealed that all patients experienced complete recovery from preoperative symptoms within a year and five patients with seizures showed marked improvement and eventually quit antiepileptic drugs. Neuropsychological assessment at 6 months provided normal results compared to preoperative baseline in all domains (AU)
Antecedentes y objetivo La resección completa de los cavernomas supratentoriales (SCA) sintomáticos, incluyendo el área gliótica perilesional, es el tratamiento de elección para evitar la persistencia de crisis y el resangrado. La cirugía de los SCA localizados en áreas elocuentes puede asociar graves complicaciones neurológicas. Presentamos un estudio cuyo objetivo es documentar la viabilidad de la estimulación corticosubcortical intraoperatoria (ioBS) en el paciente despierto y su impacto en el grado de exéresis y el resultado clínico final. Materiales y métodos Incluimos 6 pacientes diagnosticados de SCA sintomático localizado en área elocuente, que fueron intervenidos mediante ioBS en el paciente despierto. El estudio preoperatorio incluyó una valoración neuropsicológica de funciones lingüísticas, sociocognitivas y ejecutivas. Durante la realización de la ioBS en el paciente despierto registramos los resultados obtenidos por los pacientes en las tareas neuropsicológicas planificadas. El grado de exéresis se estimó en una RM realizada un mes tras la cirugía. A los 6 meses de la cirugía se realizó una evaluación neuropsicológica de control. Resultados Cinco mujeres y un hombre con edades comprendidas entre los 24 y 48 años fueron incluidos en el estudio. Las localizaciones de los cavernomas fueron insular derecha (n=1), insular izquierda (n=1), temporo-insular izquierda (n=1), temporal izquierda (n=2) y frontal izquierda (n=1). En todos los pacientes se encontraron hallazgos tras la ioBS. Se obtuvo una exéresis completa en 5 casos. Dos pacientes presentaron déficit neurológico transitorio, un caso de hemiparesia y un caso de disnomia, que mejoró a los 6 meses (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring , Brain Mapping , Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System/surgery , Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Complete resection of symptomatic supratentorial cavernoma (SCA) and removal of the surrounding gliotic area is recommended to minimize the risk of persistent seizures or (re)bleeding. Surgery of SCA located in an eloquent area, can carry out severe postoperative neurological morbidity. We report a study aimed to assess feasibility, extent of resection and outcome after surgical removal of CA by cortico-subcortical intraoperative brain stimulation (ioBS) in the awake patient. METHODS: Six patients diagnosed of symptomatic SCA located on an eloquent area and operated on while awake under local anaesthesia ioBS, were included. Preoperative planning included neuropsychologic assessment of language-related functions, sociocognitive functions and executive functions. Intraoperatively, we recorded the results achieved in the planned neuropsychological tasks when stimulation was applied (cortical and subcortical). Postoperative control 3D MRI was scheduled at 1 month after surgery to calculate extent of resection. Neuropsychological assessment at 6 months after surgery was performed in all cases. RESULTS: Six patients (5 females, 1 male) aged 24-48 years were included in our study. Locations of the lesions were right insular (n=1), left insular (n=1), left temporo-insular (n=1), left temporal (n=2) and left frontal (n=1). In all patients, positive findings were obtained during ioBS. In 5 patients, complete surgical resection was achieved. Two patients had postoperative transient neurological deficits, one case of hemiparesis, one case of dysnomia, both cleared over a 6-month period. Clinical follow-up revealed that all patients experienced complete recovery from preoperative symptoms within a year and five patients with seizures showed marked improvement and eventually quit antiepileptic drugs. Neuropsychological assessment at 6 months provided normal results compared to preoperative baseline in all domains. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that ioBS in the awake surgery of symptomatic SCA located in eloquent areas, allows to increase the rate of complete resection, minimizing postoperative neurological and neuropsychological deficit, and improving postoperative seizures control.
Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms , Hemangioma, Cavernous , Adult , Brain Mapping , Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Female , Hemangioma, Cavernous/surgery , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Intraoperative , Wakefulness , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of cortical-subcortical intraoperative brain mapping (ioBM) in resective awake surgery of low-grade gliomas (LGG) of the right non-dominant hemisphere (RndH). It was estimated how ioBM may affect both the extent of resection and postoperative outcome of language, spatial cognition, social cognition, and executive functions including attention and working memory. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients that underwent ioBM in resective awake surgery of LGG located on the RndH, were included. A cohort of 15 patients with the same tumour location operated under general anaesthesia without brain mapping was used as control. Specific intraoperative tasks for each location were carried out and results registered. Neuropsychological assessment was performed preoperatively and at 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: In the group of patients operated by using ioBM in awake surgery, an 86.66 % mean of resection was obtained compared to 60.33 % in the control group. Speech arrest and incorrect naming responses were elicited in higher proportion in frontal and insular locations. Parietal stimulation associated higher number of incorrect responses in social cognition task. Parietal and temporal stimulation were more frequently associated with incorrect performance of spatial cognition task. Parietal stimulation associated with higher frequency incorrect execution of attention and working memory tasks. After comparing clinical and neuropsychological results in both cohorts, worst outcome at 6 months was observed in the group of patients operated under general anaesthesia without brain mapping, especially in parietal and insular locations. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative identification of language, cognitive functions, and social cognition of RndH by means of ioBM, can be of paramount importance in improving the extent of resection of low-grade gliomas and positively affects clinical and neuropsychological outcome at six months.
Subject(s)
Brain Mapping/methods , Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Glioma/surgery , Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring/methods , Language , Social Cognition , Wakefulness/physiology , Adult , Aged , Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Cohort Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Functional Laterality/physiology , Glioma/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Grading/methodsABSTRACT
El tabaquismo es una de las primeras causas mundiales prevenibles de enfermedades y muertes prematuras. La nicotina es la base farmacológica de la adicción, y su dependencia desencadena una serie de cambios psicobiológicos, conductuales y cognitivos. Existen varias estrategias efectivas para ayudar a dejar de fumar, pero el porcentaje de tasas de éxito a largo plazo es muy bajo. Por lo tanto, es importante explorar y estudiar nuevas técnicas alternativas para el tratamiento del trastorno por consumo de tabaco (TCT), que puedan ofrecer más variedad de recursos terapéuticos y mejorar sus resultados en el ámbito clínico. Estudios recientes de estimulación transcraneal con corriente directa (tDCS), aplicada sobre la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral (CPFDL), han mostrado resultados prometedores en la reducción del craving y el consumo de tabaco. Su uso se justifica por su papel importante en la regulación de los mecanismos de control inhibitorio y recompensa (circuitos dopaminérgicos), que se encuentran disfuncionales en pacientes con TCT. Los hallazgos sugieren que la tDCS aplicada sobre la CPFDL, puede ser una técnica efectiva como terapia coadyuvante paya ayudar a dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación y, por ello, se describen propuestas futuras. (AU)
Smoking is one of the worlds leading preventable causes of premature illness and death. Nicotine is the pharmacological basis of addiction, and its dependence triggers a series of psychobiological, behavioral and cognitive changes. There are several effective strategies to help you quit smoking, but the long-term success rate is very low. Therefore, it is important to explore and study new alternative techniques for the treatment of tobacco use disorder (TUD), which can offer a greater variety of therapeutic resources and improve their results in the clinical setting. Recent studies of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFc), have shown promising results in reducing craving and tobacco consumption. Its use is justified by its important role in the regulation of inhibitory and reward control mechanisms (dopaminergic circuits), which are found to be dysfunctional in patients with TUD. The findings suggest that tDCS applied to DLPFc may be an effective technique as adjunctive therapy to help quit smoking. However, more research is needed and therefore future proposals are outlined. (AU)
Subject(s)
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation , Craving , Smoking Cessation/methods , Tobacco Use DisorderABSTRACT
Smoking is one of the worlds leading preventable causes of premature illness and death. Nicotine is the pharmacological basis of addiction, and its dependence triggers a series of psychobiological, behavioral and cognitive changes. There are several effective strategies to help you quit smoking, but the long-term success rate is very low. Therefore, it is important to explore and study new alternative techniques for the treatment of tobacco use disorder (TUD), which can offer a greater variety of therapeutic resources and improve their results in the clinical setting. Recent studies of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFc), have shown promising results in reducing craving and tobacco consumption. Its use is justified by its important role in the regulation of inhibitory and reward control mechanisms (dopaminergic circuits), which are found to be dysfunctional in patients with TUD. The findings suggest that tDCS applied to DLPFc may be an effective technique as adjunctive therapy to help quit smoking. However, more research is needed and therefore future proposals are outlined. (AU)
El tabaquismo es una de las primeras causas mundiales prevenibles de enfermedades y muertes prematuras. La nicotina es la base farmacológica de la adicción, y su dependencia desencadena una serie de cambios psicobiológicos, conductuales y cognitivos. Existen varias estrategias efectivas para ayudar a dejar de fumar, pero el porcentaje de tasas de éxito a largo plazo es muy bajo. Por lo tanto, es importante explorar y estudiar nuevas técnicas alternativas para el tratamiento del trastorno por consumo de tabaco (TCT), que puedan ofrecer más variedad de recursos terapéuticos y mejorar sus resultados en el ámbito clínico. Estudios recientes de estimulación transcraneal con corriente directa (tDCS), aplicada sobre la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral (CPFDL), han mostrado resultados prometedores en la reducción del craving y el consumo de tabaco. Su uso se justifica por su papel importante en la regulación de los mecanismos de control inhibitorio y recompensa (circuitos dopaminérgicos), que se encuentran disfuncionales en pacientes con TCT. Los hallazgos sugieren que la tDCS aplicada sobre la CPFDL, puede ser una técnica efectiva como terapia coadyuvante paya ayudar a dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación y, por ello, se describen propuestas futuras. (AU)
Subject(s)
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation , Craving , Smoking Cessation/methods , Tobacco Use DisorderABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Complete resection of symptomatic supratentorial cavernoma (SCA) and removal of the surrounding gliotic area is recommended to minimize the risk of persistent seizures or (re)bleeding. Surgery of SCA located in an eloquent area, can carry out severe postoperative neurological morbidity. We report a study aimed to assess feasibility, extent of resection and outcome after surgical removal of CA by cortico-subcortical intraoperative brain stimulation (ioBS) in the awake patient. METHODS: Six patients diagnosed of symptomatic SCA located on an eloquent area and operated on while awake under local anaesthesia ioBS, were included. Preoperative planning included neuropsychologic assessment of language-related functions, sociocognitive functions and executive functions. Intraoperatively, we recorded the results achieved in the planned neuropsychological tasks when stimulation was applied (cortical and subcortical). Postoperative control 3D MRI was scheduled at 1 month after surgery to calculate extent of resection. Neuropsychological assessment at 6 months after surgery was performed in all cases. RESULTS: Six patients (5 females, 1 male) aged 24-48 years were included in our study. Locations of the lesions were right insular (n=1), left insular (n=1), left temporo-insular (n=1), left temporal (n=2) and left frontal (n=1). In all patients, positive findings were obtained during ioBS. In 5 patients, complete surgical resection was achieved. Two patients had postoperative transient neurological deficits, one case of hemiparesis, one case of dysnomia, both cleared over a 6-month period. Clinical follow-up revealed that all patients experienced complete recovery from preoperative symptoms within a year and five patients with seizures showed marked improvement and eventually quit antiepileptic drugs. Neuropsychological assessment at 6 months provided normal results compared to preoperative baseline in all domains. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that ioBS in the awake surgery of symptomatic SCA located in eloquent areas, allows to increase the rate of complete resection, minimizing postoperative neurological and neuropsychological deficit, and improving postoperative seizures control.
ABSTRACT
El Khat o Catha Edulis Forsk, es un arbusto que se emplea por sus propiedades euforizantes y estimulantes del sistema nervioso central y por su capacidad para aliviar la fatiga, sin embargo, su consumo abusivo produce efectos adversos sobre las funciones cognitivas. En este artículo de revisión se resume el origen, la producción, farmacología, toxicología, neuropsicología y los aspectos psicosociales del consumo del khat en un intento por aportar el mayor conocimiento posible sobre este arbusto, sus propiedades y efectos. Además, se centra especial atención en los aspectos psicológicos y neuropsicológicos que produce, entre los que se incluyen alteraciones leves del estado de ánimo y profundos trastornos que pueden variar tanto en intensidad como en duración. Pese a que se ha podido constatar que determinadas situaciones sociales pueden aumentar el consumo de determinadas drogas de precios asequibles, las consecuencias que producen en la sociedad hacen que sea necesaria una concienciación mayor sobre todos los aspectos que rodean su consumo. Existe un mercado legal e ilegal, con una parte de la población del cuerno de África y de la península arábiga bajo los efectos del Khat, que conlleva unas consecuencias graves para la salud
Khat (Catha edulis) is a shrub used for its euphoric and central nervous system- stimulating properties and for its ability to relieve fatigue. Its abusive consumption nevertheless produces adverse effects on cognitive functions. In this paper we provide a summarized review of the origin, production, pharmacology, toxicology, neuropsychology and psychosocial aspects of khat consumption, in an attempt to provide the best possible knowledge about the bush, its properties and effects. We also focus special attention on the psychological and neuropsychological aspects involved, including minor or major alterations of mood disorders. Although it has been shown that certain social situations can increase the consumption of certain drugs at affordable prices, the impact on several societies requires a greater awareness of all the aspects involved in its consumption. There is a legal and illegal market, with part of the population in the horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula under the influence of Khat, with serious consequences for the health
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Catha/cytology , Catha/poisoning , Pharmacology/methods , Toxicology/classification , Substance-Related Disorders/genetics , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Psychology/education , Psychology/methods , Catha , Catha/toxicity , Pharmacology/classification , Toxicology/methods , Substance-Related Disorders/rehabilitation , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy , Psychology , Psychology/standards , Africa/ethnologyABSTRACT
A pesar de su amplia oferta y disponibilidad a través de internet, muchas de las drogas de abuso emergentes siguen siendo desconocidas para un gran número de médicos y profesionales sanitarios. Las alternativas herbales a la marihuana (también conocidas como marihuana sintética), tales como el K2 o el spice, son un grupo de hierbas que contienen una mezcla de materia vegetal además de cannabinoides de origen sintético. El Kratom, es un producto vegetal derivado de Mitragyna speciosa Korth que tiene efectos similares a los de los opioides, y que se emplea para el tratamiento del dolor crónico y el alivio de los síntomas de retirada de los opiáceos. La Salvia divinorum es un alucinógeno con una farmacología muy singular que tiene cierto potencial terapéutico, pero que ha sido prohibido en muchos estados debido a las preocupaciones con respecto a sus efectos adversos de tipo psiquiátrico. La Metoxetamina se ha convertido recientemente en la 'ketamina legal' disponible a través de internet. Además, los derivados de la piperazina, una clase de compuestos similares a la anfetamina que incluyen la BZP y TMFPP, han aparecido como una versión legal del 'éxtasis'. Todos estos compuestos psicoactivos son percibidos como drogas seguras por los usuarios y están disponibles en internet a un golpe de ratón. Desafortunadamente, estas drogas tienen efectos indeseables dependiendo de la dosis y de la mezcla de drogas y oscilan de efectos mínimos a efectos serios sobre la salud. Este artículo revisa la farmacología, los efectos clínicos, la toxicidad y el manejo de su intoxicación para que los profesionales de la salud conozcan todas estas drogas emergentes de origen sintético
Despite its wide range and availability over the Internet, many emerging abuse drugs remain unknown to many doctors and health professionals. Herbal marijuana alternatives (also known as synthetic marijuana), such as K2 or spice, are a group of herbal mixtures containing vegetable matter in addition to synthetic cannabinoids. Kratom is a plant product derived from Mitragyna speciosa Korth that has similar effects to opioids, and is used for the treatment of chronic pain and alleviating the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic drug with a therapeutic potential, but has been banned in many states due to concerns about its psychiatric effects. Methoxetamine has recently become the 'legal ketamine' available over the Internet. In addition, piperazine derivatives, a class similar to amphetamine including BZP and TMFPP compounds have emerged as a legal version of 'ecstasy' All these psychoactive compounds are perceived as safe drugs for people and are available online. Unfortunately, these drugs have side effects depending on the dose and the mixture of drugs with health effects ranging from slight to serious. This article reviews the pharmacology, clinical effects, toxicity and managing of these drugs
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy , Opiate Substitution Treatment , Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Medical Marijuana/administration & dosage , Medical Marijuana/therapeutic use , Phytotherapy/methods , Marijuana Abuse , HallucinogensABSTRACT
La ayahuasca es una preparación botánica alucinógena compuesta de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis que, tradicionalmente, ha sido consumida por grupos indígenas de la Amazonia. Este brebaje contiene el agonista serotoninérgico N,N-dimetiltriptamina (DMT) y alcaloides inhibidores de la monoaminooxidasa (IMAO) (harmina, harmalina y tetrahidroharmina). La literatura científica hasta el momento sugiere que la administración o ingesta aguda de la ayahuasca no es mal tolerada, incluso en aquellos casos en los que se ha registrado un uso crónico de la misma, no habiéndose informado sobre toxicidad en ningún estudio en humanos. No obstante, teniendo en cuenta la limitación del uso de una muestra sana y joven en la mayoría de los ensayos llevados a cabo, y los datos escasos referentes a patologías previas de tipo cardíaco y hepático, así como el uso combinado con otras sustancias, se sugiere una contraindicación importante al consumo de ayahuasca. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión abarcando desde la composición y mecanismos de acción de la propia ayahuasca y sus efectos, tanto deseados como adversos de su ingesta, hasta el uso de dicha sustancia como terapia farmacológica en el marco de las drogodependencias, alcoholismo y trastornos afectivos, además de una breve descripción de las connotaciones de su uso en rituales organizados
Ayahuasca is a botanical hallucinogenic preparation which is made up of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, consumed by indigenous groups of the Amazonia region. This beverage contains the serotoninergic agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase-inhibiting alkaloids (harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine). Scientific literature has until now suggested that the administration or acute consumption of ayahuasca is not badly tolerated, even in situations where consumers have endured chronic use of the substance, no study having detected any effect of toxicological nature in humans. However, taking into account the limitations of performing most studies on a young and healthy sample, and the scant data on preexisting hepatic and cardiac pathologies, as well as the combined use of ayahuasca with other substances, a warning about the contraindication of ayahuasca use is suggested. The aim of this work is to put forward an overview through the composition and action mechanisms of ayahuasca and the desired and adverse effects of its administration. The use of this preparation as a new pharmacological therapy on substance abuse and affective disorders is explained, as well as a brief description regarding the connotations of ayahuasca use in organized rituals
Subject(s)
Banisteriopsis/chemistry , Banisteriopsis , Hallucinogens/pharmacology , Hallucinogens/therapeutic use , Neuropsychology/methods , Neuropsychology/trends , Neuroimaging/methods , NeuroimagingABSTRACT
Las catinonas sintéticas son una nueva clase de drogas de diseño de tipo psicoestimulante y alucinógeno y con efectos similares a la cocaína, la metilendioximetanfetamina (MDMA) u otras anfetaminas. El abuso de catinonas sintéticas, con frecuencia incluidas en los productos vendidos como "sales de baño", se puso de moda a principios de 2009, lo que llevó a la clasificación legislativa en toda Europa en 2010 y a la lista I de clasificación de drogas dentro de los Estados Unidos en 2011. Los estudios clínicos recientes indican que el mecanismo de acción de la catinona sintética afecta a los sistemas centrales de monoaminas. En esta revisión abordaremos la historia de estas drogas, su mecanismo de acción, la toxicología y los aspectos legales
Synthetic cathinones are a new class of designer drug of the hallucinogenic stimulant type with effects similar to cocaine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other amphetamines. The abuse of synthetic cathinones often included in products sold as "bath salts" became fashionable in early 2009, which led to legislative classification across Europe in 2010 and Schedule I drug classification in the USA in 2011. Recent clinical studies indicate that the action mechanism of synthetic cathinone affects the central monoamine systems. In this paper we will review the history of these drugs, their action mechanism, toxicology and legal aspects
