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1.
J Water Health ; 18(1): 67-76, 2020 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32129188

ABSTRACT

Urban river pollution by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria constitutes an important public health concern. Epidemiologically important strains of MDR Escherichia coli transmissible at the human-animal-environment interfaces are especially worrying. Quantifying and characterizing MDR E. coli at a molecular level is thus imperative for understanding its epidemiology in natural environments and its role in the spread of resistance in precise geographical areas. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli was characterized along the watercourse of the major urban river in Quito. Our results showed high quantities of cefotaxime-resistant E. coli (2.7 × 103-5.4 × 105 CFU/100 mL). The antimicrobial resistance index (ARI) revealed the exposure of the river to antibiotic contamination, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index indicated a high risk of contamination. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was the most prevalent in our samples. Isolates also had class 1 integrons carrying aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and folate pathway inhibitors. The isolates belonged to phylogroups A, B1 and D. Clonal complex 10 was found to be the most prevalent (ST10, ST44 and ST 167), followed by ST162, ST394 and ST46. Our study provides a warning about the high potential of the major urban river in Quito for spreading the epidemiologically important MDR E. coli.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Escherichia coli , Rivers/microbiology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Ecuador , Environmental Monitoring , Escherichia coli Infections , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Water Microbiology
2.
Int J Food Microbiol ; 280: 41-45, 2018 Sep 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29777948

ABSTRACT

Dissemination of Extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae is a major medical threat. Vegetables and fruits, which are usually consumed raw, are a very suitable pathway for the spread of these bacteria from farm-to-fork. However, limited information exists regarding resistant bacteria and epidemic clones that are disseminated in vegetables and tap water in South America. We processed a total of 90 samples in triplicate of nine typically consumed raw vegetables from a central municipal market, and tap water samples were processed from twenty-one locations in Quito, Ecuador. The samples were analyzed for total coliforms and ESBL Enterobacteriaceae contamination using the dilution filtration method. ESBL Escherichia coli isolates were phenotypically and genotypically characterized. The water was free of Enterobacteriaceae, but all the vegetables and fruits (except for blackberries) presented total coliform counts. Watercress had the highest load of total coliforms (3.3 × 10E4). ESBL E. coli was detected in alfalfa, leaf lettuce and parsley/cilantro samples. Alfalfa had the highest load of ESBL E. coli/total coliforms (1/3.3 × 10E2). We identified E. coli ST44-A and ST410-A harboring blaCTX-M-15 downstream of ISEcp1. Alfalfa and parsley/cilantro were contaminated with hyperepidemic E. coli ST410-A, which was resistant to quinolones and harbored blaCTX-M-15. For the first time, we report ESBL E. coli ST410-A from vegetables and express an alert regarding the health risk this could represent.


Subject(s)
Drinking Water/microbiology , Escherichia coli , Fruit/microbiology , Vegetables/microbiology , beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Ecuador , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Food Microbiology , Genotype , Humans , Quinolones/pharmacology , South America , beta-Lactams/pharmacology
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