Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Peritoneal metastasis in patients with locally advanced colon cancer (T4 stage) is estimated to recur at a rate of approximately 25% at 3 years from surgical resection and is associated with poor prognosis. There is controversy regarding the clinical benefit of prophylactic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in these patients. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of intraoperative HIPEC in patients with locally advanced colon cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants: This open-label, phase 3 randomized clinical trial was conducted in 17 Spanish centers from November 15, 2015, to March 9, 2021. Enrolled patients were aged 18 to 75 years with locally advanced primary colon cancer diagnosed preoperatively (cT4N02M0). Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive cytoreduction plus HIPEC with mitomycin C (30 mg/m2 over 60 minutes; investigational group) or cytoreduction alone (comparator group), both followed by systemic adjuvant chemotherapy. Randomization of the intention-to-treat population was done via a web-based system, with stratification by treatment center and sex. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was 3-year locoregional control (LC) rate, defined as the proportion of patients without peritoneal disease recurrence analyzed by intention to treat. Secondary end points were disease-free survival, overall survival, morbidity, and rate of toxic effects. Results: A total of 184 patients were recruited and randomized (investigational group, n = 89; comparator group, n = 95). The mean (SD) age was 61.5 (9.2) years, and 111 (60.3%) were male. Median duration of follow-up was 36 months (IQR, 27-36 months). Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between groups. The 3-year LC rate was higher in the investigational group (97.6%) than in the comparator group (87.6%) (log-rank P = .03; hazard ratio [HR], 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05-0.95). No differences were observed in disease-free survival (investigational, 81.2%; comparator, 78.0%; log-rank P = .22; HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.41-1.22) or overall survival (investigational, 91.7%; comparator, 92.9%; log-rank P = .68; HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.26-2.37). The definitive subgroup with pT4 disease showed a pronounced benefit in 3-year LC rate after investigational treatment (investigational: 98.3%; comparator: 82.1%; log-rank P = .003; HR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.70). No differences in morbidity or toxic effects between groups were observed. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, the addition of HIPEC to complete surgical resection for locally advanced colon cancer improved the 3-year LC rate compared with surgery alone. This approach should be considered for patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02614534.

Risk of metachronous peritoneal metastases in patients with pT4a versus pT4b colon cancer: An international multicentre cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: With evolving treatment strategies aiming at prevention or early detection of metachronous peritoneal metastases (PM), identification of high-risk colon cancer patients becomes increasingly important. This study aimed to evaluate differences between pT4a (peritoneal penetration) and pT4b (invasion of other organs/structures) subcategories regarding risk of PM and other oncological outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From eight databases deriving from four countries, patients who underwent curative intent treatment for pT4N0-2M0 primary colon cancer were included. Primary outcome was the 5-year metachronous PM rate assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Independent predictors for metachronous PM were identified by Cox regression analysis. Secondary endpoints included 5-year local and distant recurrence rates, and 5-year disease free and overall survival (DFS, OS). RESULTS: In total, 665 patients with pT4a and 187 patients with pT4b colon cancer were included. Median follow-up was 38 months (IQR 23-60). Five-year PM rate was 24.7% and 12.2% for pT4a and pT4b categories, respectively (p = 0.005). Independent predictors for metachronous PM were female sex, right-sided colon cancer, peritumoral abscess, pT4a, pN2, R1 resection, signet ring cell histology and postoperative surgical site infections. Five-year local recurrence rate was 14% in both pT4a and pT4b cancer (p = 0.138). Corresponding five-year distant metastases rates were 35% and 28% (p = 0.138). Five-year DFS and OS were 54% vs. 62% (p = 0.095) and 63% vs. 68% (p = 0.148) for pT4a vs. pT4b categories, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with pT4a colon cancer have a higher risk of metachronous PM than pT4b patients. This observation has important implications for early detection and future adjuvant treatment strategies.