ABSTRACT
El presente estudio se desarrolló en la escuela "República de Cuba" de la ciudad de La Paz, trabajando a lo largo de diez semanas con niños de tercero y cuarto de primaria, bajo la modalidad de investigación cualitativa, haciendo uso de técnicas de recolección de datos como: observación no participante y participante, asociación libre de palabras, PhotoVoice y grupos focales, los cuales permitieron explorar los principales estereotipos sobre género en la violencia entre los estudiantes, las atribuciones que les asignaron y las valoraciones que estipularon para "mujeres" y para "varones". Los resultados obtenidos mostraron la presencia de estereotipos en los estudiantes de ambos sexos, calificándose al varón de "agresor", mientras que a la mujer de "victima"; dichos estereotipos fueron relacionados por los mismos estudiantes a la violencia física y violencia psicológica, haciendo énfasis en la primera. Es así, que se evidenció la existencia de estereotipos de género en la violencia experimentada y percibida por los mismos estudiantes.
The present study is carried out in the "Republic of Cuba" school of the city La Paz, working during ten weeks with third and fourth elementary school children, under qualitative research modality, using techniques of data collection such as:non participant observation and participant, free word association, PhotoVoice and focus groups, which allowed to explore the main gender stereotypes in violence among students, the attributions they assigned and the assessments they stipulated for "women" and for "Males". The results obtained show marked stereotypes in students of both sexes, calling the male an "aggressor", while the woman "victim"; these stereotypes were related by the students themselves to physical violence and psychological violence, with emphasis on the first one. Thus, it was evident the existence of gender stereotypes in the violence experienced and perceived by the students themselves.
Este estudotem lugar na escola "República de Cuba", nacidade de La Paz, trabalhando mais de dez semanas, com crianças na terceira e quarta série, na forma de pesquisa qualitativa, e usando técnicas de coleta de dados, tais como: observaçãonão participante e participante associaçãolivre de palavras, PhotoVoice e grupos focais, cualespermiten explorar as principais estereótipos de género na violência estudantes, os poderes atribuídos avaliações e estipulando para "mulheres" e "homens"; resultados obtenidos muestran marcada estereótipos sobre os estudantes de ambos os sexos, masculino chamando o "agressor" enquanto a mulher "vítima"; esses estereótipos estão relacionados pelos própriosalunos a violência física e violência psicológica, enfatizando o primeiro. Assim, é evidente a existência de estereotipos violência de gênero vivida e percebida pelos próprios alunos.
ABSTRACT
Progesterone and progestins have been demonstrated to enhance breast cancer cell migration, although the mechanisms are still not fully understood. The protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of membrane receptors that are activated by serine proteases in the blood coagulation cascade. PAR1 (F2R) has been reported to be involved in cancer cell migration and overexpressed in breast cancer. We herein demonstrate that PAR1 mRNA and protein are upregulated by progesterone treatment of the breast cancer cell lines ZR-75 and T47D. This regulation is dependent on the progesterone receptor (PR) but does not require PR phosphorylation at serine 294 or the PR proline-rich region mPRO. The increase in PAR1 mRNA was transient, being present at 3â h and returning to basal levels at 18 âh. The addition of a PAR1-activating peptide (aPAR1) to cells treated with progesterone resulted in an increase in focal adhesion (FA) formation as measured by the cellular levels of phosphorylated FA kinase. The combined but not individual treatment of progesterone and aPAR1 also markedly increased stress fiber formation and the migratory capacity of breast cancer cells. In agreement with in vitro findings, data mining from the Oncomine platform revealed that PAR1 expression was significantly upregulated in PR-positive breast tumors. Our observation that PAR1 expression and signal transduction are modulated by progesterone provides new insight into how the progestin component in hormone therapies increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
