Meaningful Learning Experiences in Everyday Life During Pandemics. A Qualitative Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed the lives of people all over the world. In particular, an unprecedented educational crisis has occurred due to the circumstances of physical distancing and remote learning. This article focuses specifically on the meaningful learning experiences in the everyday lives of adolescents during the pandemic. 72 meaningful learning experiences were identified from 11 participants who recorded their specific learning experiences for a week by a means of a journal recorded by themselves. A content analysis was undertaken in order to identify the ecology (what, how, where, and who with) of the different learning experiences. The results show a prevalence of personal and conceptual learning, a presence of both formal and specifically informal, everyday activities among the meaningful learning experiences detected, the importance of peers, teacher and "learning experiences while alone," and the use of digital technologies as learning resources; they also reveal the assistance of others in the learning process. The main contribution of this study illustrates how students in everyday life during pandemics are involved in a whole range of different activities both at school and at home.

The biosocial foundation of the early Vygotsky: Educational psychology before the zone of proximal development.

One of Lev Vygotsky's most widely known concepts in educational psychology is the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which he began to articulate in the last 2 years of his life and work (1933-1934). This article explores an earlier period in Vygotsky's career-well before he developed the concept of the ZPD-when he was actively involved in pedagogy and educational psychology. With reference to the research and teaching that Vygotsky carried out in Gomel and gathered together for publication some years later, this article highlights his initial conception of educational psychology, and then critically reviews four of his ideas from this first period, namely, (a) the pedagogical importance of the learner's individual experience ("ultimately, the child teaches himself"), (b) the pedagogical applications of interest ("from one interest of the child's to a new interest"), (c) the psychological value of play ("games are the child's first school of thought"), and (d) the link between life and education ("ultimately, only life educates"). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Identity and sociocultural change: Comparing young indigenous people in Chiapas who have different sociodemographic trajectories.

One of the most commonly used distinctions in cross-cultural studies is the one between individualism and collectivism. One of the criticisms levelled at this distinction is that it fails to incorporate the differences that may exist when comparing people from a rural context with little formal education to people from the same group who live in an urban context where formal education is the norm. Bearing in mind these sociodemographic factors, we have compared the self-concepts among 104 young indigenous people in Chiapas (Mexico), having divided them into three groups: "rural-traditional," "rural-urban" and "urban." These people's self-concepts were analysed using a task that contrasts personal self-concept with social self-concept and a technique in which participants draw themselves along with the things and people they consider most important to them. The results reveal significant differences between the three groups. The personal categories are given a higher value in the "urban" group while the social categories score higher in the "rural-traditional" group. Regarding the results of the indigenous self-portraits, from the content analysis of the drawings, 16 categories emerged. These findings are discussed in the light of Greenfield's theory of social change and human development.

Schooling and Identity: A Qualitative Analysis of Self-Portrait Drawings of Young Indigenous People from Chiapas, Mexico.

One of the features associated with schooling and formal education is their decontextualized nature, a characteristic that has been related to the advancement of logical abstract thinking. The aim of this study was to compare and contrast self-portraits through the graphical representations and verbal explanations made by young indigenous people from the Altos de Chiapas with different educational levels ranging from primary school to university. Participants were of the same age. The results show the abstract nature (as opposed to the concrete character) of some of the self-portraits made by the group of university students and the prevalence of individual aspects (rather than social contextual factors) especially within this same group.

The voices of newcomers. A qualitative analysis of the construction of transnational identity / Las voces de los que vienen. Un análisis cualitativo sobre la construcción de la identidad transnacional

Nowadays, globalization is connected with the emergence and reconstruction of new identities. For instance, the migration process implies the generation of new forms of identity, questioning the traditional homogeneous and static notions of identity. In this regard, the term "transnational identity" or "bicultural identity" has been suggested for these people that live in between two cultural frameworks and has to establish a dialogue between the country of origin ("there") and the host country ("here"). This study shows the bicultural and multiple nature of ten immigrant life stories. These narratives illustrate how bicultural and multilingual skills become part of the self definition through the appropriation of cultural voices that manage the origin and host lifestyles, building hybrid and multiple identities that preserve certain ties with the origin society and take certain forms of life of the new culture and society. The novelty embodied in this work is the qualitative approach taken in the research. Most of the literature on transnational identity and transnationalism are based on theoretical discussions or quantitative data

En la actualidad, la globalización se asocia con la emergencia y reconstrucción de nuevas identidades. Por ejemplo, los procesos migratorios conllevan la generación de nuevas formas de identidad que cuestionan las nociones estáticas y homogéneas tradicionales. En este sentido, se ha sugerido el concepto de "identidad transnacional" o "identidad bicultural" para hacer referencia a las personas que viven entre dos o más modelos culturales distintos y deben, en consecuencia, mantener un diálogo entre la sociedad de origen ("allí") y la de destino ("aquí"). Este estudio muestra la naturaleza bicultural y múltiple de diez historias de vida de inmigrantes. Estas narrativas ilustran cómo las habilidades biculturales y multilingües devienen parte de la definición identitaria a través de la apropiación de voces culturales que establecen un diálogo entre la sociedad de origen y de destino, facilitando la construcción de identidades hibridas y múltiples. La novedad de este trabajo reside en la aproximación cualitativa llevada a cabo dado que la mayoría de estudios en la literatura sobre identidad transnacional y transnacionalismo se basan bien en discusiones teóricas o bien en estudios cuantitativos

Ecocultural effects on self-concept. A study with young indigenous people from different sociodemographic contexts.

This study explores self-concept among indigenous young people from different ecocultural niches in Chiapas (Mexico) through a particular self-concept task. Previous theory and research has described 3 cultural models linked with specific sociodemographic settings that foster particular psychologies. Our aim was to compare the results of the self-concept test among indigenous groups from different sociodemographic settings in order to observed possible differences. We predicted that individuals from rural communities with little formal education (hypothesised to be Interdependent) would have self-concepts with more social and less personal components than would those with an urban, highly educated (hypothesised to be Independent), and we expected a third group of highly educated young people living in an urban context but with a rural background (hypothesised to be autonomous-related group) to value social and personal components equally. The results supported this hypothesis. Based on ecocultural theory, it is suggested that sociodemographic contexts affect the self-concept.

Labelling improves false belief understanding. A training study

A total of 104 children aged between 41 and 47 months were selected to study the relationship between language and false belief understanding. Participants were assigned to four different training conditions: discourse, labelling, control (all with deceptive objects), and sentential complements (involving non-deceptive objects). Post-test results showed an improvement in children’s false belief understanding in the discourse and the labelling conditions, but not in the sentential complements with non-deceptive objects or the control group. Furthermore, the most remarkable improvement in false belief understanding occurred in the labelling group. These results suggest that some types of linguistic experience promote the development of false belief understanding, provided that differing perspectives are confronted (AU)

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Sentido de comunidad en jóvenes indígenas y mestizos de San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas, México). Un estudio empírico / Indigenous and mestizos sense of community from San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas, México). An empirical study

Este artículo explora la viabilidad y validez transcultural de una medida auto-descriptiva del sentimiento de comunidad desarrollada y puesta a prueba en contextos europeos. Para ello se aplicó el correspondiente cuestionario a una muestra de 317 estudiantes (151 indígenas y 166 mestizos) de San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas, México) y se compararon los resultados así obtenidos con los anteriormente reportados en sendos estudios españoles. Los resultados indican que los habitantes de esa población -tanto indígenas como mestizos- tienen un alto sentimiento de comunidad y que la medida utilizada es muy fiable y estructuralmente multidimensional aun cuando existe un potente factor principal de carácter relacional, "interacción vecinal", quedando "arraigo territorial" e "interdependencia" como factores menores. La estructura factorial obtenida aporta un sólido apoyo inicial a la validez transcultural de la medida usada y el con-junto de resultados es consistente con varios análisis teóricos y empíricos previos, así como con la teoría de Sarason a partir de la que se desarrolló la medida (AU)

This study explores cross-cultural viability of a 18 item self-report scale of sense of community developed and trested in European contexts. A questionnaire designed to evaluate Sense of Community was administered to 151 indigenous and 166 mestizos from San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas, México), a population which has never been studied before. Results showed San Cristóbal de las Casas is communitarian in both groups. Statistical analysis showed the scale to be reliable and multi-dimensional although dominated by a main relational factor, "neighbor-hood interaction", with two other, minor although conceptually meaningful ones: "territorial rooting" and "interdependence". Results supported most of Sarason’s theory and of past empirical and theoretical analyses (AU)

Empatia y tolerancia a la diversidad en un contexto educativo intercultural / Empathy and tolerance of diversity in an intercultural educative setting

Las relaciones entre empatia y conducta prosocial han estado ampliamente estudiadas desde hace años. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que utilicen estudiantes indígenas y mestizos de una universidad intercultural. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue analizar la tolerancia a la diversidad en relación a la empatia. La muestra estaba formada por 534 indígenas y mestizos, de edades comprendidas entre los 17 y los 22 años. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes con una alta capacidad empática eran también más tolerantes. Las chicas puntuaron significativamente superior en tolerancia y empatia que los chicos. Se encuentran diferencias entre indígenas y mestizos y entre universidad intercultural y universidad pública en relación a áreas especificas de la tolerancia a la diversidad.

The relationship between empathy and prosocial behaviour has been an area of research for many years. Nevertheless, to this day, there is a lack of studies using indigenous and mestizos sample from intercultural university. The main aim of this research was to analyze tolerance of diversity in relation to empathy. The sample consisted of 534 indigenous and mestizos, aged between 17 to 22 years. The results showed that students with high empathic capacity were also more tolerant. Girls scored significantly higher in tolerance and empathy than boys. Differences were found between indigenous and mestizos and between intercultural university and public university regarding tolerance attitudes in specific areas of diversity.

Identidad étnica y autoestima en jóvenes indígenas y mestizos de San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas, México) / Ethnic identity and self-esteem among young indigenous and mestizos from San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas, Mexico) / Identidade étnica e auto-estima em jovens indígenas e mestiços San Cristobal de las Casas (Chiapas, México)

El objetivo del siguiente estudio fue examinar las relaciones entre identidad étnica y autoestima en indígenas y mestizos de Chiapas. Para ello se aplicó a 517 estudiantes universitarios (256 mestizos y 261 indígenas) una versión española de la Escala de Identidad Étnica Multigrupo Revisada (EIEM-R) y un cuestionario de autoestima. Siguiendo la línea de estudios previos se esperaba que la identidad étnica fuera mayor en el grupo minoritario (indígenas en nuestro caso), y que tuviera una correlación positiva con medidas de autoestima por parte de los indígenas. Los resultados dan apoyo empírico a ambas hipótesis en una población poco estudiada hasta el momento. Los indígenas obtienen puntuaciones superiores, estadísticamente significativas, en identidad étnica y en los factores de exploración e identificación, en comparación con los mestizos. Además, la identidad étnica y la autoestima correlacionan positivamente en el caso de los indígenas y no en el caso de los mestizos. Se discuten los resultados a la luz de la teoría de la identidad social.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem among indigenous and mestizos from Chiapas. 517 university students from diverse ethnic groups (256 mestizos and 261 indigenous) completed the Spanish version of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure Revised (MEIM-R) and a self-esteem questionnaire. In line with previous studies, it was hypothesized that there would be greater ethnic identity among the minority group (indigenous) than in the mestizos sample and that the MEIM would positively correlate with psychological well-being (self-esteem) in the indigenous sample. The results supported both hypotheses. The ethnic minority group showed higher scores on ethnic identity and its components compared with the mestizo group. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between ethnic identity and self-esteem in the indigenous group but not in the mestizo sample. These results are discussed in the light of social identity theory.

O objetivo deste estudo é examinar o relacionamento entre identidade étnica e auto-estima de índios e mestiços em Chiapas. Aplicou-se uma versão em espanhol da Escala de Identidade Étnica Multigrupo Revisada (EIEM-R) e um questionário sobre a auto-estima a 517 estudantes universitários (256 e 261 mestiços indígenas). De acordo com estudos anteriores se esperava a identidade étnica fora maior no grupo minoritário (indígenas no nosso caso) e tivera uma correlação positiva com as medidas de auto-estima dos índios. Os resultados suportam empiricamente as hipóteses em uma população pouco estudada até o momento. Frente aos mestiços, os índios obtiveram pontuação maior, estatisticamente significativa nos fatores de identidade étnica de exploração e de identificação. Além disso, a identidade étnica e a auto-estima mostram correlação positiva no caso dos povos indígenas, mas não no caso de mestiços. Os resultados se discutem à luz da teoria da identidade social.

Propiedades psicométricas y estructura factorial de la Escala de Identidad Étnica Multigrupo en español (MEIM) / Psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Spanish Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)

En este trabajo investigó la consistencia interna y la estructura factorial, comparando tres modelos de medición, de una versión en español de 12 ítems de la Escala de Identidad Étnica Multigrupo de Phinney, en una muestra de 631 estudiantes mexicanos (301 indígenas y 330 mestizos) entre 17 y 40 años de edad. Los resultados apoyan la consistencia interna de la medida y apuntan a una estructura de dos factores de la identidad étnica: la afirmación o identificación étnica y la exploración étnica. Así mismo, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los grupos estudiados, siendo los indígenas quienes puntúan más alto en identidad étnica y sus componentes. Sugerimos que se necesitan más investigaciones para evaluar la identidad étnica y validar la medida y los factores de la identidad étnica a través de diversos grupos étnicos con otras muestras de adolescentes y adultos de habla hispana.

This study investigated the reliability and factor structure of scores on a 12-item Spanish version of Phinney's Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure among 631 Mexican students (301 indigenous and 330 mestizos) aged between 17 and 40 years. The results generally supported the internal reliability of the ethnic identity scale scores and suggested a two-factor structure of ethnic identity consisting of affirmation or ethnic identification and ethnic exploration. Moreover, the results of this study show that Indigenous scored significantly higher on Ethnic Identity and its components than mestizos. We suggest that further research is needed to assess the ethnic identity and validate the measure and the factors of ethnic identity across various ethnic and contextual samples of Spanish-speaking adolescents and adults.