Síndrome de nieve visual y su relación con la migraña / Visual snow syndrome and its relationship with migraine

Introducción El síndrome de nieve visual (SNV) es un trastorno del sistema nervioso central que implica la visión de forma constante de pequeños puntos blancos y negros en la totalidad del campo visual. Desarrollo El SNV puede presentarse desde la infancia hasta la tercera edad, siendo más frecuente en jóvenes y sin diferencia entre géneros. En sus criterios diagnósticos se incluye la presencia de nieve visual, pero también otros fenómenos visuales como palinopsia, fotofobia, nictalopía y otros fenómenos visuales persistentes. La fisiopatología del SNV es desconocida, pero se postulan como mecanismos la hiperexcitabilidad del córtex visual y una disfunción en el procesamiento visual de orden superior. La prevalencia de migraña en los pacientes con SNV es alta en comparación con la población general y cuando se presentan conjuntamente los síntomas son más severos. No se dispone de un tratamiento eficaz, pero el fármaco con mejores resultados es la lamotrigina, recomendándose únicamente en casos seleccionados con alta limitación funcional. Conclusiones El síndrome de nieve visual es una entidad poco conocida e infradiagnosticada, pero el creciente número de investigaciones durante los últimos años ha permitido definir unos criterios diagnósticos y acercarnos a su fisiopatología. Es una entidad íntimamente relacionada con la migraña, con solapamiento de síntomas y probablemente mecanismos fisiopatológicos comunes. (AU)

Introduction Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a central nervous system disorder that consists of the constant perception of small black and white dots throughout the entire visual field. Development VSS can present from infancy to old age, with greater prevalence in the young population, and shows no difference between sexes. The diagnostic criteria include the presence of visual snow and such other visual phenomena as palinopsia, photophobia, nyctalopia, and other persistent visual phenomena. The pathophysiology of VSS is unknown, but hyperexcitability of the visual cortex and a dysfunction in higher-order visual processing are postulated as potential mechanisms. The prevalence of migraine among patients with VSS is high, compared to the general population, and symptoms are more severe in patients presenting both conditions. No effective treatment is available, but the drug with the best results is lamotrigine, which is recommended only in selected cases with severe functional limitation. Conclusions VSS is a little-known and underdiagnosed entity, but the increasing number of studies in recent years has made it possible to establish diagnostic criteria and begin studying its pathophysiology. This entity is closely related to migraine, with overlapping symptoms and probably shared pathophysiological mechanisms. (AU)

Visual snow syndrome and its relationship with migraine.

INTRODUCTION: Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a central nervous system disorder that consists of the constant perception of small black and white dots throughout the entire visual field. DEVELOPMENT: VSS can present from infancy to old age, with greater prevalence in the young population, and shows no difference between sexes. The diagnostic criteria include the presence of visual snow and such other visual phenomena as palinopsia, photophobia, nyctalopia, and other persistent visual phenomena. The pathophysiology of VSS is unknown, but hyperexcitability of the visual cortex and a dysfunction in higher-order visual processing are postulated as potential mechanisms. The prevalence of migraine among patients with VSS is high, compared to the general population, and symptoms are more severe in patients presenting both conditions. No effective treatment is available, but the drug with the best results is lamotrigine, which is recommended only in selected cases with severe functional limitation. CONCLUSIONS: VSS is a little-known and underdiagnosed entity, but the increasing number of studies in recent years has made it possible to establish diagnostic criteria and begin studying its pathophysiology. This entity is closely related to migraine, with overlapping symptoms and probably shared pathophysiological mechanisms.

Visual snow syndrome and its relationship with migraine. / Síndrome de nieve visual y su relación con la migraña.

INTRODUCTION: Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a central nervous system disorder that consists of the constant perception of small black and white dots throughout the entire visual field. DEVELOPMENT: VSS can present from infancy to old age, with greater prevalence in the young population, and shows no difference between sexes. The diagnostic criteria include the presence of visual snow and such other visual phenomena as palinopsia, photophobia, nyctalopia, and other persistent visual phenomena. The pathophysiology of VSS is unknown, but hyperexcitability of the visual cortex and a dysfunction in higher-order visual processing are postulated as potential mechanisms. The prevalence of migraine among patients with VSS is high, compared to the general population, and symptoms are more severe in patients presenting both conditions. No effective treatment is available, but the drug with the best results is lamotrigine, which is recommended only in selected cases with severe functional limitation. CONCLUSIONS: VSS is a little-known and underdiagnosed entity, but the increasing number of studies in recent years has made it possible to establish diagnostic criteria and begin studying its pathophysiology. This entity is closely related to migraine, with overlapping symptoms and probably shared pathophysiological mechanisms.

Síndrome de Guillain-Barré como forma de presentación de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Guillain-Barré syndrome as the first manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection

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Comorbilidad psiquiátrica en adolescentes consumidores de cannabis / Psychiatric comorbidity in cannabis users

El cannabis es la droga ilegal más consumida en el mundo. En los últimos años, se ha producido un aumento del consumo experimental, sobre todo en la población adolescente, y a edades cada vez más tempranas. Además del incremento del consumo, se está produciendo, especialmente en la población más joven, la disminución de la percepción de riesgo, que es mucho menor que para otras drogas. El objetivo del trabajo es describir una muestra de pacientes que realizan el seguimiento en un centro ambulatorio de dependencias para tratar un trastorno por dependencia de cannabis, y estudiar la interrelación entre el consumo de cannabis y los problemas psicosociales existentes, sobre todo en la población adolescente. Algunos estudios refieren que es difícil establecer la relación causal entre el consumo de cannabis y la existencia de consecuencias psicopatológicas; pero en lo que sí están de acuerdo varios autores es en que existe una estrecha relación entre ambos hechos. Los consumidores crónicos de cannabis presentan mayores dificultades y problemas psicosociales (AU)

Cannabis is currently the most widely consumed illegal drug. A rise in experimental use has taken place in the last years, mainly in the adolescent population. Meanwhile, the age of first use has decreased. In addition to an increase in cannabis use, a reduction in the perception of risk has been observed, in young populations specially, being much lower than for other drugs. The aim of this study is to describe a sample of outpatients with cannabis dependence disorder and to review the relationship between cannabis use and the existing psychosocial problems, mainly in the teenage population. Some studies report that causal relation between cannabis use and psychopathological consequences is difficult to establish, though many agree on the existence of a close association between both. Chronic cannabis users have greater difficulties and psychosocial problems (AU)