Damage Propagation by Cyclic Loading in Drilled Carbon/Epoxy Plates.

Fiber reinforced composites are widely used in the production of parts for load bearing structures. It is generally recognized that composites can be affected both by monotonic and cyclic loading. For assembly purposes, drilling is needed, but holes can act as stress concentration notches, leading to damage propagation and failure. In this work, a batch of carbon/epoxy plates is drilled by different drill geometries, while thrust force is monitored and the hole's surrounding region is inspected. Based on radiographic images, the area and other features of the damaged region are computed for damage assessment. Finally, the specimens are subjected to Bearing Fatigue tests. Cyclic loading causes ovality of the holes and the loss of nearly 10% of the bearing net strength. These results can help to establish an association between the damaged region and the material's fatigue resistance, as larger damage extension and deformation by cyclic stress contribute to the loss of load carrying capacity of parts.

Comparison of CAD-CAM and traditional chairside processing of 4-unit interim prostheses with and without cantilevers: Mechanics, fracture behavior, and finite element analysis.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: How processing by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) or traditional chairside fabrication techniques affects the presence of defects and the mechanical properties of interim dental prostheses is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of CAD-CAM versus traditional chairside material processing on the fracture and biomechanical behavior of 4-unit interim prostheses with and without a cantilever. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two types of 4-unit interim prostheses were fabricated with abutments on the first premolar and first mandibular molar, one from a prefabricated CAD-CAM block and one with a traditional chairside polymer-monomer autopolymerizing acrylic resin (n=10). Both groups were assessed by compressive strength testing and additionally with or without a cantilevered second molar by using a universal testing machine with a 5-kN load cell. A finite element model (FEM) was built by scanning both prosthesis designs. Finite element analysis (FEA) replicated the experimental conditions to evaluate the stress distribution through the prostheses. RESULTS: Interim fixed prostheses manufactured by CAD-CAM showed significantly higher mean fracture loading values (3126 N to 3136 N) than for conventionally made interim fixed prostheses (1287 N to 1390 N) (P=.001). The presence of a cantilever decreased the fracture loading mean values for CAD-CAM (1954 N to 2649 N), although the cantilever did not influence the traditional prostheses (1268 N to 1634 N). The highest von Mises stresses were recorded by FEA on the occlusal surface, with the cantilever design, and at the transition region (connector) between the prosthetic teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Interim partial prostheses produced by CAD-CAM had a higher strength than those manufactured traditionally. The presence of a cantilever negatively affected the strength of the prostheses, although the structures manufactured by CAD-CAM still revealed high strength and homogenous stress distribution on occlusal loading.

Butyltins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and bivalve mollusks in a mid-latitude environment from the Patagonian coastal zone.

Butyltins (BTs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in a mid-latitude environment of the Patagonian coast, distant from significant pollutant sources. Bioaccumulation processes through bottom sediment resuspension were suggested by BTs level (expressed as ng of tin [Sn] g(-1) dry wt) found in surface sediment (

Skeletal deterioration following ovarian failure: can some features be a direct consequence of estrogen loss while others are more related to physical inactivity?

Findings on experimental animals show that ovarian failure is accompanied by a decrease in motor activity. As mechanical loading has a vital role in the maintenance of skeletal health, our aim was to determine to what extent this decrease in motor activity contributes to ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Thirty-two female Wistar rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated and housed in standard cages or with access to running wheels for 36 weeks with their running distance monitored. Markers of bone turnover were assayed in the serum, and bone geometry, trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture, mineralization degree, and biomechanical properties were assessed in the femur. Differences between groups were determined by one-way ANOVA. Although reduced motor activity and sex steroid deficiency both resulted in decreases in trabecular bone volume, trabecular number decreases were mostly associated with sex steroid deficiency, whereas trabecular thickness decreases were mostly associated with sedentary behavior. Cortical bone appeared to be more sensitive to variations in motor activity, whereas bone turnover rate and bone tissue mineralization degree seemed to be primarily affected by sex steroid deficiency, even though they were further aggravated by sedentary behavior. Increases in femur length were mostly a consequence of sex steroid deficiency, whereas femoral neck length was also influenced by sedentary behavior. Differences in mechanical properties resulted mostly from differences in physical activity. Both the direct effect of sex steroid deficiency and the indirect effect of motor activity changes are implicated in bone loss following ovariectomy.

Nutrient content in sludge profiles from a full-scale stabilization pond in a temperate location.

The inorganic nutrient concentrations in sludge profiles from a full-scale municipal facultative pond in Puerto Madryn City (Argentina) were measured. Sludge samples were collected with cores during autumn, winter, and summer at three sites: inlet, intermediate, and outlet. In general, the sludge accumulates NH4+ and PO4(3-), increasing their concentrations with depth. However, NH4+ presented a different behavior at the outlet station during the summer, when the lower concentrations were recorded. This finding reflects a nutrient release, originating in their greater demand from the water column. In the sludge, the NO3- followed the spatial and seasonal pattern recorded in the surface water: detectable concentrations in the warmer months at the outlet. The vertical reduction of NO3- could be an indication of denitrification. The study supported the hypothesis that the sludge can act as a nutrient trap or source, depending on factors such as the temperature, nutrients/oxygen concentration, mixing processes, and location.

Mercury levels in feathers of Magellanic penguins.

Feathers are useful to determine mercury (Hg) contamination. We evaluated the mercury concentration in feathers of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) age 1.5 years to 25 years at Punta Tombo, Argentina before and during their molt. Mercury ranged between <1.4 and 367 ng/g dry weight, with three extreme high values (8996 ng/g, 3011 ng/g and 1340 ng/g) all in young adults. The median concentration was lowest for juveniles and significantly higher for adults but with high variation among older adults. Males and females had similar mercury loads. Compared with other penguin species, concentrations in Magellanic penguins were low. Mercury levels for Magellanic penguins in the Southwest Atlantic for older adults averaged 206±98 ng/g, and serve as a baseline for biomonitoring and/or ecotoxicological studies.

Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from the Ushuaia Bay (Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, Argentina).

The environmental quality of Ushuaia Bay, located at the southernmost tip of South America, is affected by the anthropogenic pressure of Ushuaia city. In this study, levels and sources of hydrocarbons in coastal sediments were assessed. Aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions ranged between 5.5 and 1185.3 µg/g dry weight and PAHs from not detected to 360 ng/g. Aliphatic diagnostic indices, the nalkanes homologous series occurrence, Aliphatic Unresolved Complex Mixtures (AliUCMs), and pristane and phytane isoprenoids indicated a petrogenic input. Some sites showed biogenic features masked by the anthropogenic signature. Particularly in port areas biodegradation processes were evident. PAH ratios showed a mixture of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Aliphatic and aromatic UCMs were strongly correlated, reflecting chronic pollution. Three areas were distinguished inside the bay: (1) east, with low hydrocarbons impact; (2) central, where hydrocarbons accumulation was related to source proximity and sediment characteristics; (3) south-west, where sediment characteristics and current circulation favour hydrocarbons accumulation.

Aspectos biologicos y dinamica de nutrientes en ambientes costeros perturbados (Bahia Nueva-Bahia Engaño): informe sobre Bahia Nueva

Se realizaron campañas a las zona de Bahia Nueva, en el Golfo Nuevo frente a la ciudad de Puerto Madryn y en la Bahia Engaño, cuando el objetivo de conocer la situacion actual de estas bahias, desde el punto de vista ambiental y la influencia que sobre las mismas tienen, los efluentes que en ellas se descargan. En el caso de la Bahia Nueva los efluentes provenientes de industrias, de la Cooperativa de Servicios Publicos y de vertidos pluviales que drenan permanentemente. En la Bahia Engaño se trata de conocer especificamente la influencia del rio Chubut

Aspectos biologicos y dinamica de nutrientes en ambientes costeros perturbados (Bahia Nueva-Bahia Engaño): informe sobre Bahia Nueva

Se realizaron campañas a las zona de Bahia Nueva, en el Golfo Nuevo frente a la ciudad de Puerto Madryn y en la Bahia Engaño, cuando el objetivo de conocer la situacion actual de estas bahias, desde el punto de vista ambiental y la influencia que sobre las mismas tienen, los efluentes que en ellas se descargan. En el caso de la Bahia Nueva los efluentes provenientes de industrias, de la Cooperativa de Servicios Publicos y de vertidos pluviales que drenan permanentemente. En la Bahia Engaño se trata de conocer especificamente la influencia del rio Chubut