Personalized Cancer Nanomedicine: Overcoming Biological Barriers for Intracellular Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals.

The success of personalized medicine in oncology relies on using highly effective and precise therapeutic modalities such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Unfortunately, the clinical exploitation of these biological drugs has encountered obstacles in overcoming intricate biological barriers. Drug delivery technologies represent a plausible strategy to overcome such barriers, ultimately facilitating the access to intracellular domains. Here, an overview of the current landscape on how nanotechnology has dealt with protein corona phenomena as a first and determinant biological barrier is presented. This continues with the analysis of strategies facilitating access to the tumor, along with conceivable methods for enhanced tumor penetration. As a final step, the cellular barriers that nanocarriers must confront in order for their biological cargo to reach their target are deeply analyzed. This review concludes with a critical analysis and future perspectives of the translational advances in personalized oncological nanomedicine.

Nanotechnologies for the delivery of biologicals: Historical perspective and current landscape.

Biological macromolecule-based therapeutics irrupted in the pharmaceutical scene generating a great hope due to their outstanding specificity and potency. However, given their susceptibility to degradation and limited capacity to overcome biological barriers new delivery technologies had to be developed for them to reach their targets. This review aims at analyzing the historical seminal advances that shaped the development of the protein/peptide delivery field, along with the emerging technologies on the lead of the current landscape. Particularly, focus is made on technologies with a potential for transmucosal systemic delivery of protein/peptide drugs, followed by approaches for the delivery of antigens as new vaccination strategies, and formulations of biological drugs in oncology, with special emphasis on mAbs. Finally, a discussion of the key challenges the field is facing, along with an overview of prospective advances are provided.

[Nursing Attitude About the Family Involvement in Hospitalized Children Care]. / Actitudes de los profesionales de enfermería ante la participación familiar en los cuidados de los pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados.

Introduction: Family it's a unit which is characterized by the relationship between its members, the interdependence between them in health, presupposes that care will be more efficient if targeted the family system as a unit. In that fact the impact of illness and hospitalization drives the nursing staff to include the family in health care. Nurses think their relationship with families is not easy, which generates different attitudes towards them and present the possibility to allow its participation in care. The aim of this research was to analyze the attitudes of these professionals in the family involvement in patients care. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was applied to the nursing staff in Pediatric Department of the University General Hospital Gregorio Maranon (HGUGM), in Madrid, Spain. The data was collected using the "Families' Importance in nursing care: Nurse's attitude scale". Results: Most of the professionals, mostly units of patients with chronic disease, take into consideration the family like a resource in nursing care, finding that a good relationship with families give them job satisfaction, without differences between categories. More than half of the professionals from the units of pediatric intensive care (PICU) considered that the presence of the family generates stress. Conclusions: The difference in the attitude of professionals is related to the time they spent with families and technification of the care.

Dietary fibre concentrate from Chilean algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) pods: purification and characterization.

Prosopis species are generally fast-growing, drought-resistant, nitrogen-fixing trees or shrubs. Fruits of Prosopis spp are indehiscent pods, where pericarp is formed by the epicarp, light brown in colour, and fibrous nature; the mesocarp known as pulp, which is rich in sugars; and the endocarp. The aim of this work was to obtain a fibre concentrate from the pods of Prosopis chilensis Mol. (Stuntz) and to determine the chemical, physical, and technological properties of the pod flour (PF) and of a fibre concentrate or pod purified flour (PPF). Acetone, ethanol, and water at different conditions of time and temperature were used in the purification process. PF showed 53.7 g/100 g of total sugar content, 4.2 g/100 g of reducing sugar content, 41.8 g/100 g of total dietary fibre, 35.8 g/100 g of insoluble fibre, and 6.0 g/100 g of soluble fibre content. The PPF has a total sugar content of 3.8 g/100 g, reducing sugar content of 2.2 g/100 g, total dietary fibre content of 80.8 g/100 g, insoluble fibre content of 75.1 g/100 g, and soluble fibre content of 5.7 g/100 g. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the existence of voids in the structure of PPF flour, which reveals the efficiency of the purification process with a high decrease in the total sugar content.

[Use of algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis (Mol) Stuntz) flour as protein and dietary fiber source in cookies and fried chips manufacture]. / Uso de harina de cotiledón de algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis (Mol) Stuntz) como fuente de proteina y fibra dietética en la elaboración de galletas y hojuelas fritas.

Limiting amino acids of the protein from chilean "algarrobo" are isoleucine, theronine and methionine/cyteine. Cereals and legume blends allow to improve the amino acid balance, since legume have more lysine, and cereals are richer in sulphur amino acids. Due to the nutritional interest of "algarrobo" cotyledons, the use of "algarrobo cotyledon" flour (ACF) in sweet and salty snack manufacture was evaluated. Cookies and fried salty chips with 0%, 10% and 20% ACF were prepared. Flours were analyzed for color, particle size, moisture, proximate composition, available lysine, and soluble, insoluble and total dietary fiber. Cookies and chips were analyzed for the same characteristics (except for particle size); besides there were determined water activity, weight and size of the units, and also, the caloric value was computed. Sensory quality and acceptance of both products were evaluated. It is noticeable the high amount of protein, lipids, ash, crude fiber (63.6; 10.2; 4.3 and 4.2 g/100 g dmb, respectively), available lysine (62.4 mg/g protein) and total dietary fiber (24.2 g/100 g dmb) of ACF. Both, cookies and chips with ACF, showed a significant increase in the amount of protein, lipids, ash, crude fiber and, available lysine (from 15.5 to 19,3 and from 20.3 a 29.6 mg lisina/g protein, respectively), and total dietary fiber (from 1.39 to 2.80 and from 1.60 a 5.60 g/100 g dmb, respectively). All of the cookies trials were well accepted ("I like it very much"); chips with 10% of AFC showed the highest acceptance ("I like it"). It can be concluded that the use of ACF in cookies and chips manufacture increases the contribution of available lysine; their protein and dietary fiber content, improving the soluble/insoluble fiber ratio, without affect neither their physical nor their sensory acceptance.

[Development of an intermediate moisture food from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)]. / Desarrollo de un alimento de humedad intermedia de fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Beans consumption has been associated to reduction on chronic, non transmissible, diseases development. Generally, its consumption is less to the recommended and it is done principally as whole grain dishes. To increase the consumption, there is an especial interest in the use of new products. The main goal of this research was to design intermediate moisture bean purees (IMP) using soaked, cooked and grained Tortola bean, removing an important testa portion. In preparation of IMP two moisture levels, 25 and 30%, and two glycerol levels, 10 and 15%, were studied. Purees were preserved at ambient temperature (20 +/- 2 degrees C) for 30 days. Proximal analysis, phytate content and trypsin inhibitors were determined in the original non processed purees. IMPs were analyzed at preparation time and after 15 and 30 days of storage for moisture content, pH and water activity. Besides, microbiological analysis for total plate count on aerobic mesophile microorganisms, molds and yeast, total colifoms, fecal coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus, was carried out. Global quality and sensory acceptance was also determined. IMPs presented a(w) values between 0.800 and 0.844, a pH between 6.20 and 6.24 and the microbiological counting was negative or far below the accepted limits for more strict foods. IMPs presented good qualifications for global quality and were well accepted. Sensory parameters maintain their values during storage, except for color that in treatment with 30% moisture and 10% glycerol showed a light darkening. It is possible to elaborate intermediate moisture bean puree, with low level of antinutritional compounds, good quality and sensory acceptance and with adverse conditions for the development of food safety importance microorganisms.

Desarrollo de un alimento de humedad intermedia de fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

El consumo de fréjoles se ha asociado a la reducción del riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. En general, su consumo es menor al recomendado y se realiza mayoritariamente como granos enteros. Para aumentar su consumo, hay un especial interés en su uso en otras formas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar purés de humedad intermedia (PHI) de fréjol de buena calidad química, microbiológica y sensorial. Se prepararon purés con fréjol Tórtola remojado, cocido y molido, retirando una parte importante de la testa. En la elaboración de los PHI, se estudiaron dos niveles de humedad, 25% y 30%, y dos niveles de glicerol, 10 y 15%. Se conservaron a temperatura ambiente (20 ±2 ºC) por 30 días. En los purés iniciales se determinó su composición proximal, contenido de fitatos e inhibidores de tripsina. Los PHI se analizaron el día de su preparación y luego de 15 y 30 días de almacenamiento. Se determinó su humedad, pH y actividad de agua. Se realizó recuento total de: aerobios mesófilos, de mohos y levaduras, de coliformes totales, de coliformes fecales y de Staphylococcus aureus. Se determinó calidad y aceptabilidad sensorial. Los PHI tuvieron una aw entre 0,800 y 0,844, pH entre 6,20 y 6,24 y sus recuentos microbiológicos fueron negativos o estuvieron muy por debajo de los límites permitidos para los alimentos más exigentes. Presentaron buenas calificaciones en su calidad sensorial y todos fueron bien aceptados. Los parámetros sensoriales se mantuvieron sin variación durante el almacenamiento, excepto el color que en el tratamiento con 30% de humedad y 10% de glicerina mostró un leve oscurecimiento. Es posible elaborar purés de fréjol de humedad intermedia, con bajos niveles de compuestos antinutricionales, de buena calidad y aceptabilidad sensorial y que ofrecen condiciones adversas para el desarrollo de los microorganismos de mayor significación para la inocuidad alimentaria.

Development of an intermediate moisture food from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Beans consumption has been associated to reduction on chronic, non transmissible, diseases development. Generally, its consumption is less to the recommended and it is done principally as whole grain dishes. To increase the consumption, there is an especial interest in the use of new products. The main goal of this research was to design intermediate moisture bean purees (IMP) using soaked, cooked and grained Tortola bean, removing an important testa portion. In preparation of IMP two moisture levels, 25 and 30%, and two glycerol levels, 10 and 15%, were studied. Purees were preserved at ambient temperature (20 ±2 ºC) for 30 days. Proximal analysis, phytate content and trypsin inhibitors were determined in the original non processed purees. IMPs were analyzed at preparation time and after 15 and 30 days of storage for moisture content, pH and water activity. Besides, microbiological analysis for total plate count on aerobic mesophile microorganisms, molds and yeast, total colifoms, fecal coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus, was carried out. Global quality and sensory acceptance was also determined. IMPs presented aw values between 0.800 and 0.844, a pH between 6.20 and 6.24 and the microbiological counting was negative or far below the accepted limits for more strict foods. IMPs presented good qualifications for global quality and were well accepted. Sensory parameters maintain their values during storage, except for color that in treatment with 30% moisture and 10% glycerol showed a light darkening. It is possible to elaborate intermediate moisture bean puree, with low level of antinutritional compounds, good quality and sensory acceptance and with adverse conditions for the development of food safety importance microorganisms.

[Orange juice residues as dietary fiber source for foods]. / Utilización de residuos de la industria de jugos de naranja como fuente de fibra dietética en la elaboración de alimentos.

Food snacks using powdered residues from the orange juice industry as a source of dietary fiber were formulated. Six formulations utilizing powdered orange residues with three different moisture levels (25%, 15% and 10%) were elaborated. There were used two basic blends. The first one was 33.3% of orange dry powder, 33.3% of honey, 16.6% of roasted peanut, 16.6% of raisins; the second one was 28.6% of orange powder, 35.7% of honey, 17.85% of roasted peanut, 17.85% of raisins. Snacks had spherical shape with 2.5 cm diameter and a weight close to 10g. The snack moisture was between 12.6 and 17.4%, and their aw between 0.65 and 0.71. The snack chemical composition, on dry matter basis, was 1.6 and 1.9% of ash; 12.3 and 15.2% of lipids; 6.1 and 7.1% of proteins; and 56.2 to 59.6% of carbohydrates; the caloric contribution (calculated) was between 326.8 and 342.9 kcal/100g. The powdered orange residue had 64% of total dietary fiber, 54% of insoluble dietary fiber and 10% of soluble dietary fiber. In the snack the fiber amount fluctuated between 20 and 26% of total dietary fiber; 18 and 22% of insoluble dietary fiber, and 3.0 and 4.5% of soluble dietary fiber. The snack with the higher content of orange residue presented the higher content of dietary fiber. The snacks were well accepted by a sensory panel, without showing differences among treatments.

Utilización de residuos de la industria de jugos de naranja como fuente de fibra dietética en la elaboración de alimentos / Orange juice residues as dietary fiber source for foods

En este trabajo se plantea la formulación de un alimento tipo"snack" utilizando residuos en polvo provenientes de la industria procesadora de jugo de naranja, como fuente de fibra dietética. Para ello se elaboraron 6 formulaciones, utilizando el polvo con 3 niveles de humedad (25, 15 y 10%) que se incorporó a 2 mezclas, una compuesta por un 33,3% de polvo de naranja, 33,3% de miel, 16,6% de maní tostado y molido y 16,6% de pasas molidas y otra compuesta por un 28,6% de polvo de naranja, 35,7% de miel, 17,85% de maní y 17,85% de pasas. El residuo de naranja presentó un contenidode 64% de fibra dietética total, 54% fibra dietética insoluble y 10% fibra dietética soluble. Los "snack" tuvieron forma esférica con 2,5cm de diámetro y 10g de peso; una humedad que fluctuó entre 12,6 y 17,4%, y una actividad de agua entre 0,65 a 0,71. La composición proximal (base materia seca), fluctuó entre 1,6 y 1,9% de cenizas; 12,3 y 15,2% de lípidos; 6,1 y 7,1% de proteínas y 56,2 a 59,6% de hidratos de carbono con 326,8 a 342,9 Kcal/100g de producto. El aporte de fibra en los "snack" fluctuó entre un 20 a 26% de fibra dietética total, 18 a 22% de fibra dietética insoluble y 3,0 a 4,5% de fibra dietética soluble. El "snack" con mayor contenido de polvo de naranja presentó el mayor contenido de fibra dietética. Los "snack" fueron bien aceptados por el panel de evaluación sensorial sin registrar diferencias significativas entre los distintos tratamientos.

Orange juice residues as dietary fiber source for foods. Food snacks using powdered residues from the orange juice industry as a source of dietary fiber were formulated. Six formulations utilizing powdered orange residues with three different moisture levels (25%, 15% and 10%) were elaborated. There were used two basic blends. The first one was 33.3% of orange dry powder, 33.3% of honey, 16.6% of roasted peanut, 16.6% of raisins; the second one was 28.6% of orange powder, 35.7% of honey, 17.85% of roasted peanut, 17.85% of raisins. Snacks had spherical shape with 2.5 cm diameter and a weight close to 10g. The snack moisture was between 12.6 and 17.4%, and their aw between 0.65 and 0.71. The snack chemical composition, on dry matter basis, was 1.6 and 1.9% of ash; 12.3 and 15.2% of lipids; 6.1 and 7.1% of proteins; and 56.2 to 59.6% of carbohydrates; the caloric contribution (calculated) was between 326.8 and 342.9 kcal/100g. The powdered orange residue had 64% of total dietary fiber, 54% of insoluble dietary fiber and 10% of soluble dietary fiber. In the snack the fiber amount fluctuated between 20 and 26% of total dietary fiber; 18 and 22% of insoluble dietary fiber, and 3.0 and 4.5% of soluble dietary fiber. The snack with the higher content of orange residue presented the higher content of dietary fiber. The snacks were well accepted by a sensory panel, without showing differences among treatments.

[Nutritional evaluation and accelerated storage at 37 degrees C of fried bean and corn mixtures]. / Evaluación nutricional y almacenamiento acelerado a 37 degrees C de mezclas de frejol y maíz fritos.

Nutritive value of corn and beans is limited by the deficiency in some aminoacids; so, the combination of both of them might be very advantageous from a nutritional point of view. A research with the following purposes was done: to improve the biological value of corn and bean through the formulation of mixes of fried kernels; and, to know the shelf life of the mixes during an accelerated storage period. Fried kernels mixes, in a ratio of 50:50%, from three varieties of bean (Pinto 114, Suave 85 and Tortola Inia) and dent yellow corn were made; protein value of the mixes was evaluated. Mixes were store at 37 degrees C during 15 days, determining every five days, their peroxides and moisture content and their water activity. All the mixes got values of NPR-Rel higher than 80%; the best one was Suave 85/corn with a value of 88.2% which indicates an improving of the protein quality. The stored products showed along the whole period, low values for peroxides (3.25-6.12 meq/kg oil) which might allow a shelf life of 90 days at room temperature; also, moisture content and water activity were low assuring microbial stability.

Mezclas legumbre/cereal por fritura profunda de maiz amarillo y de tres cultivares de frejol para consumo "snack" / Deep frying snack product of legume/cereal mixture based on corn and three varieties of beans

To increase legume consumption and give a better protein quality in the snack products, mixtures of fried beans-corn were formulate in different proportions: 60:40 (A); 50:50 (B) and 40:60 (C). Fried corn used in mixtures was previously soaked in a predetermined solution (NaOH/EDTA) and then blanched. Three beans varieties (Pinto 114, Suave 85 and Tórtola Inia) were mixed with fried yellow dent corn in the above described proportions, obtaining nine mixtures whose physical, chemical and sensorial characteristics were evaluated. The mixtures were very homogeneous in all the analyzed characteristics. The protein content for the A mix was the greatest, nevertheless the sensorial analysis showed the last acceptance. The moisture content and water activity of these mixtures was low assuring a good microbiological stability under storage conditions. The protein contribution of each species in different prepared mixtures determined the selection of the best cereal/legume mix. From a nutritional stand point the best results were obtained when the 50 of protein was supplied by bans and the 50 by corn. From the mixtures tried in this study, mix C with bean Pinto 114 one closed to the recommended conditions. Nevertheless, for each cereal/legume mix, the best proportion was C, due to its better acceptability, even though it had less nutritional value.

Elaboración y caracterización de frejoles fritos tipo "snack" cultivar Pinto 114, Suave 85 y Tórtola Inia / Processing and characterization of fried beans varieties Pinto 114, Suave 85 and Tórtola Inia

The objective of this study was develop a snack product based on fried beans. For this purpose, three bean varieties were used: Pinto 114, Suave 85 and Tórtola Inia. The beans were treated with two soaking solutions, EDTA disodium salt and a mixture of NaOH/water, to determine if they had some effect on the product's final quality. On the other hand, before the beans were fried, some grains were given thermal treatment (blanched), leaving the other ones without this process (raw); this also had an effect on the final quality of the fried beans. Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of the final fried products were determined. For three beans varieties, the blanched products had higher water content, higher oil absorption, lower protein content and larger water activity. The soaking solutions had no effect on the quality of manufactured products. The sensory analysis determined that the best treatment for Pinto 114 and Tórtola Inia was NaOH/water-raw grain, and EDTA raw grain for Suave 85.

Utilización de cotiledones de algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis (MoL) Stuntz): en la elaboración de barras de cereales / Use of mezquite cotiledon (Prosopis chilensis (Mol) Stuntz): in the manufacturing of cereal bars

Las barras de cereales con maní y nuez han demostrado ser alimentos tipo snack de alto aporte calórico dado por su contenido de proteínas, lípidos e hidratos de carbono y de buenas características organolépticas. Los cotiledones de algarrobo tienen un alto contenido de proteina cuya calidad biológica aumenta con un tratamiento término moderado como tostado, por microondas o calor húmedo a presión. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron estudiar la posibilidad de usar cotiledón de algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis (MOL) Stuntz) en barras de cereales con dos niveles de maní o nuez (15 por ciento o 18 por ciento); incorporación de cotiledón de algarrobo (0 por ciento y 6 por ciento) y la aplicación de dos tratamientos térmicos al cotiledón (microondas y tostado en placa calefactora). A las barras de cereales elaboradas se les realizaron análisis físicos, químicos y sensoriales: humedad, actividad de agua, análisis proximal, calidad y aceptabilidad. El contenido de humedad de las barras con maní fluctuó entre 10,4 por ciento y 10,9 por ciento y para las que tenían nuez, entre 10,5 por ciento y 12,3 por ciento. El contenido de proteínas fue mayor en todos los productos que contenían cotiledón de algarrobo, siendo los de las barras con maní superiores a los de las barras con nuez. El tratamiento térmico aplicado al cotiledón de algarrobo no tuvo efecto sobre la composición química. Las barras con cotiledón de algarrobo tratado por microondas presentaron una mayor aceptabilidad

Almacenamiento de barras de cereales elaboradas con cotiledones de algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis (MoL) Stuntz) / Storage of cereal bars with mezquite cotiledon (Prosopis chilensis (MoL) Stuntz)

El uso de nuez o maní en la elaboración de barras de cereales representa un posible riesgo de inestabilidad durante su almacenamiento debido al alto contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados de su aceite los que al oxidarse son una de las principales causas de deterioro. El desarrollo de nuevos productos alimenticios tipo snack implica el uso de envases que deben dar protección contra el daño provocado por la luz y reducción de la concentración de oxígeno en su interior. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los cambios físicos, químicos y sensoriales en el almacenamiento de barras de cereal con maní o nuez y cotiledón de algarrobo sometido a dos tratamientos térmicos, envasadas en celofán o polipropileno opaco. Se elaboraron 4 tipos de barras con 6 por ciento de cotiledón de algarrobo tratado por microondas o tostado en placa calefactora. y con 18 por ciento de maní o nuez. Las barras se almacenaron por 90 días a temperatura ambiente y cada 30 días se midió humedad, índice de peróxidos, actividad de agua, calidad y aceptabilidad sensorial. Los contenidos de peróxidos obtenidos (4,9-13,8 meq/kg de aceite) indican que la vida útil de las barras en todos los tratamientos estudiados fue de 90 días. Los materiales de envases utilizados permiten mantener las barras de cereales en buenas condiciones de humedad (7,4-11,2 por ciento), actividad de agua, (0,50-0,65) y aceptabilidad sensorial durante 3 meses

Almacenamiento y uso de antioxidantes en barras de cereales y maní / Storage and use of antioxidants in cereal and peanut bars

La utilización de materias grasas en las barras de cereales les da un adecuado valor energético pero también las expone al desarrollo de rancidez oxidativa, la cual puede afectar su aceptabilidad y calidad nutricional. De acuerdo a esto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue: determinar la estabilidad en almacenamiento y el efecto de antioxidantes en tres tipos de barras de cereales y maní. Para ello se elaboraron barras de cereales con 18 por ciento de maní, con y sin antioxidantes (BHA+BHT; 100 ppm). Las barras se envasaron en bolsas de polipropileno -aluminio- polietileno y se almacenaron por 90 días a temperatura ambiente (18-20 grados Celsius). Cada 30 días se realizaron análisis de: Actividad de agua (Aw); Humedad; Indice de peróxido y Evaluación sensorial para determinar su calidad (aroma, sabor y apariencia) y aceptabilidad. El contenido de humedad fue similar en todas las barras (7,6-9,5 por ciento) en tanto que Aw fue superior en las barras con amaranto dilatado y antioxidante. El índice de peróxidos a los 60 días de almacenamiento fue menor que las barras con antioxidantes, presentando diferencias significativas solo la barra con amaranto dilatado (16,4 meq/Kg para la barra con antioxidante y 25,7 meq/Kg para la barrra testigo). En cuanto a la calidad sensorial los valores de los tres parámetros se mantuvieron dentro de los rangos normales, sin diferencias entre las barrras testigo y las barras con antioxidante y sin variaciones durante el período de almacenamiento. La vida útil de las barras CM1 y CM2 es al menos de 60 días cuando son conservadas a 18-20 grados Celsius.

Barras de cereales maní y amaranto dilatado; composición química y estabilidad en almacenamiento acelerado / Cereal bars with peanut and puffed amaranthus: chemical composition and stability in accelerated storage

Usando la línea de flujo de Escobar et al, se prepararon 3 formulaciones CM3A-CM3B y CM3C con diferentes cantidades de avena, germen de trigo y amaranto dilatado; para su aglutinación se emplearon edulcorantes naturales y materias grasas. A las materias primas y a los "snacks" se les hizo análisis químico proximal. Los snacks se evaluaron sensorialmente para conocer su calidad y aceptabilidad. Para determinar la estabilidad de las barras durante el almacenamiento acelerado, estas se conservaron en estufa a 37ºC por 15 días, se analizaron cada 5 días para medir la evolución de actividad de agua (Aw), humedad, desarrollo de peróxidos y se controló sensorialmente la aparición de rancidez. La aceptabilidad de la CM3B fue de 91,67 por ciento con 0.0 por ciento de rechazo, CM3A y CM3C obtuvieron aceptabilidad (66,67 por ciento) y 8.33 por ciento de rechazo. En el almacenamiento acelerado Aw y la humedad disminuyeron hasta llegar a un valor de 0.48 y 5.9 respectivamente en la barra CM3B, el contenido de peróxido en las barras CM3B y CM3C aumentó gradualmente hasta llegar a los 15 días a 12 y 17 meq/kg respectivamente. El aroma a rancio no siguió un patrón común en las 3 barras ya que CM3A y CM3B tuvieron una disminución a los 15 días no así las barras CM3C. En síntesis se puede decir que la barra CM3B presentó la mejor calidad sensorial, la más alta aceptabilidad y la mejor estabilidad en el almacenamiento acelerado

Caracterización química y nutricional del amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus) / Chemical and nutritional characterization of amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus)

Se estudiaron dos muestras de Amaranthus cruentus cosechadas en 1987 (A) y 1990 (B) en los alrededores de la ciudad de Santiago. Con ellas se prepararon harinas integrales y refinadas. Las harinas integrales contenían 14.6 y 12.6 por ciento de proteína respectivamente y 6.6 y 7.3 de aceite en las muestras A y B respectivamente. Ambas muestras contienen cantidades interesantes de Ca,P,Mg y K. La composición del aceite de amaranto de las harinas integrales mostró, en promedio, 19 por ciento de ácido palmítico, 3,4 porciento de ácido esteárico, 34 por ciento de ácido oleico y 33 por ciento de ácido linoleico. Además aparece al ácido docosaenoico (C221) con 9 por ciento. En términos generales la razón de ácidograsos saturados a insaturados fue 1:3 aproximadamente. La concentración de fibra cruda fue 3.7 por ciento en las harinas integrales y 2.4 por ciento en las refinadas. La calidad biológica de la proteína de las harinas integrales y refinadas crudas se midió en la rata mediante el método de la razón proteica neta (NPR). Los valores de los cuatro materiales ensayados variaron entre 3.04 y 3.20 (caseínas 4.08) no registrándose diferencias significativas entre ellos. Estos valores corresponden a 75 y 78 por ciento de la proteína patrón. La evaluación biológica de la proteína de combinaciones de harina de trigo comercial y de amaranto integral crudas reveló un buen efecto complementario entre ambos materiales, medido como razón de eficiencia proteica (PER). El PER de la harina de trigo fue 0.54, valor que mejoró con cada incremento de la incorporación de amaranto hasta alcanzar a 2.15 en la mezcla 25:75 (trigo/amaranto). La proteína de amaranto sola dio un PER de 1.94 (caseina 2.77). El proceso de extrusión aplicado a mezclas de trigo/amaranto arrojó un valor de PER de 1.64 para trigo, en comparación con la misma dieta sin extruir que en el experimento anterior dio un valor de 0.54. La dieta 90/10 (trigo/amaranto) produjo un ligero incremento no significativo en la calidad de la proteína. Los niveles de sustitución de 30 y 50 por ciento produjeron efectos estadísticamente significativos (p<0.05) en la calidad proteíca alcanzando valores de PER de 2.04 y 2.24. Las mezclas de maíz/amaranto registraron aumentos no significativos (p>0.05) en la ingesta, crecimiento y en la razón de eficiencia proteíca