Effect of the Inclusion of Bacillus spp. in Growing-Finishing Pigs' Diets: A Meta-Analysis.

This meta-analysis determined the effect of Bacillus spp. on growth performance of growing−finishing pigs and then assessed causes for the heterogeneity of responses detected using meta-regression. A database of 22 articles published from 2000 to 2020 was identified, and 9 articles fitted the selection criteria and were integrated in the final database. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the effect size for ADG, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and F:G ratio using a standardized means difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval. A meta-regression analysis was used to investigate the cause of heterogeneity, using the individual SMD for each study assessment as the outcome and the associated SE as the measure of variance. Dietary Bacillus spp. supplementation had no effect on ADFI (SMD: −0.052, p = 0.138) and numerically increased ADG (SMD: 0.113, p = 0.081) and reduced the F:G ratio SMD: −0.127, p < 0.001). Meta-regression outcomes suggested that the number of animals per group was an essential component promoting heterogeneity in ADG. Overall, the inclusion of Bacillus spp. (median 486 mg/d) in growing−finishing pigs can increase ADG and can decrease the F:G ratio.

Estudio comparativo del conocimiento de las técnicas de reproducción asistida en estudiantes de medicina de universidades con diferentes idearios éticos y humanísticos / Comparative study of the knowledge of IVF in medical students of universities with different ethical and humanistic values / Estudo comparativo do conhecimento das técnicas de reprodução assistida em estudantes de Medicina de universidades com diferentes ideários éticos e humanísticos

Resumen La fertilización in vitro (FIV) se sigue presentando como una solución relativamente sencilla para producir un embarazo sin dar a conocer la problemática médica y ética que esta representa. Este proyecto consistió en realizar una encuesta a los estudiantes de tres facultades de Medicina de la Ciudad de México, con diferentes idearios éticos y humanísticos, con el objetivo de evaluar el conocimiento sobre las técnicas de fecundación in vitro y sus implicaciones éticas. Se aplicó una encuesta a 404 alumnos de medicina. Los alumnos de escuelas con ética personalista tuvieron un mayor reconocimiento de los principios bioéticos implicados en el uso de estas técnicas. El conocimiento de la técnica y de las cuestiones éticas implicadas en la reproducción asistida podría mejorar la sensibilidad de los alumnos de medicina ante dilemas éticos que se presenten en su ejercicio profesional.

Abstract In vitro fertilization (IVF) continues to be presented as a relatively simple solution to produce a pregnancy without exposing the medical and ethical problems that this represents. This project consisted of conducting a survey to medical students from three medical schools in Mexico City with different ethical and humanistic ideas with the aim of evaluating knowledge about IVF techniques and their ethical implications. The survey was applied to 404 medical students. Students in schools with personalistic ethics had a greater recognition of the bioethical principles involved in the use of these techniques. Knowledge of the technique and ethical issues involved in assisted reproduction could improve the sensitivity of medical students to ethical dilemmas that arise in their professional practice.

Resumo A fertilização in vitro (FIV) continua sendo apresentada como uma solução relativamente simples para produzir uma gestação sem dar a conhecer a problemática médica e ética que ela representa. Esse projeto consistiu em realizar uma pesquisa com estudantes de três faculdades de Medicina da Cidade do México, com diferentes ideários éticos e humanísticos, com o objetivo de avaliar o conhecimento sobre as técnicas de fecundação in vitro e suas repercussões éticas. Foi aplicada uma pesquisa a 404 alunos de Medicina. Os alunos de escolas com ética personalista tiveram um maior reconhecimento dos princípios bioéticos implicados no uso dessas técnicas. O conhecimento da técnica e das questões éticas implicadas na reprodução assistida poderia melhorar a sensibilidade dos alunos de Medicina ante dilemas éticos que são apresentados em seu exercício profissional.

Productive behavior in growing kid goats and methane production with the inclusion of chokecherry leaf (Prunus salicifolia).

Currently for the reduction of methane (CH4) emissions are using fodder rich in condensed tannins, however, not yet known exactly how they act in the rumen is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of leaves of Prunus salicifolia (PS, 0%, 15%, and 30%) on the productive behavior of growing kid goats, methane production, nutritional value, fermentation, and ruminal digestibility through an in vivo and in vitro study was performed. Diets were administered ad libitum to 6 Saanen kids with live weight (LW) of 12.25 ± 2.25 kg. Three levels of inclusion were used in a diet based on ground corn grain, soybean meal, corn stover, and oat hay in substitution with P. salicifolia leaves. The in vivo productive behavior was determined, as well as the fermentation kinetics, in vitro gas production, CH4 and hydrogen (H2) in an in vitro system was determined. For the in vivo study, we used a 3 × 3 Latin square design in in vivo study and an analysis of variance with three replications for in vitro gas production. The inclusion of 30% increased (P = 0.0011) dry matter intake (DMI 589.33 g/day) compared to the control group (418.80 g/day). The highest N excretion (feces and urine) (P < 0.001) was for T0, in addition to presenting a negative nitrogen balance compared with T15 and T30. The production of CH4 (mM)/g DM incubated, and CH4 (mM)/g DM fermented, CH4 (mM/day), and H2 was lower (P < 0.05) in T30 than T0 and T15. CH4 (mM)/day was lower (P < 0.036) in T130 (283 mM/day) compared with T0 (407 mM/day) P. salicifolia is a forage that helps to reduce the production of methane and can be included in the diets of growing kid goats in amounts less than 30% without affecting production performance.

Calidad de la atención médica desde un punto de vista bioético en un hospital oftalmológico de Ciudad de México / Qualidade da atenção médica do ponto de vista bioético em um hospital oftalmológico da Cidade do México / Quality of medical care from an bioethical point of view in an ophthalmological hospital in Mexico City

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de la calidad de la atención médica desde un punto de vista bioético. Material y métodos: Estudio trasversal, analítico, descriptivo y cuantitativo. Utilizamos dos cuestionarios para evaluar la percepción la atención médica en cuanto a los principios bioéticos. Hicimos un análisis descriptivo y bivariado con cada una de las variables, y sacamos un puntaje de las preguntas que se relacionaban con los principios bioéticos. Resultados: Incluimos 252 participantes y encontramos que, durante la atención médica, se cumplieron los siguientes principios: 14% autonomía, 72% beneficencia, 51% dignidad, 30% integridad, 42% justicia, 52% no maleficencia y 27% vulnerabilidad. 3% obtuvo todos los principios bioéticos. Conclusiones: Uno de los grandes retos de la medicina es la implementación de modelos de calidad de la atención médica, que garanticen que los pacientes reciban una atención médica que tome en cuenta los principios bioéticos.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a percepção da qualidade da atenção médica do ponto de vista bioético. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal, analítico, descritivo e quantitativo. Utilizamos dois questionários para avaliar a percepção da atenção médica quanto aos princípios éticos. Realizamos uma análise descritiva e bivariada com cada uma das variáveis e extraímos uma pontuação das perguntas que se relacionavam com os princípios bioéticos. Resultados: Incluímos 252 participantes e encontramos que, durante a atenção médica, cumpriram-se os seguintes princípios: 14% autonomia, 72% beneficência, 51% dignidade, 30% integridade, 42% justiça, 52% não maleficência e 27% vulnerabilidade. 3% obteve todos os princípios bioéticos. Conclusões: Um dos grandes desafios da medicina é a implementação de modelos de qualidade da atenção médica, que garantam que os pacientes recebam uma atenção médica que leve em conta os princípios bioéticos.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the perception of the quality of medical care from a bioethical point of view. Methods: Cross-sectional, analytical, descriptive and quantitative study. We used two questionnaires to assess the perception of medical care regarding bioethical principles. We did a descriptive and bivariate analysis with each one of the variables, and we obtained a score of the questions related to the bioethical principles. Results: We included 252 participants and found that during medical care, the following principles were met: 14% Autonomy, 72% Beneficence, 51% Dignity, 30% Integrity, 42% Justice, 52% No Maleficence and 27% Vulnerability. 3% obtained all the bioethical principles. Conclusions: One of the significant challenges of medicine is the implementation of quality models of medical care, which guarantee that patients receive medical care that takes into account bioethical principles.

Mental health, interpersonal trust and subjective well-being in a high violence context.

This paper assesses whether two factors of wellbeing, social capital (interpersonal trust and social networks) and subjective well-being are associated with frequent mental distress and if there are any mediating effects by gender in a city of high urban violence. This paper relies on data that comes from a sample of over 1300 people representative by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic breakdown of the city of Cali in Colombia, which was collected in 2017 through face-to-face surveys. Our study uses logistic regression with fixed-effects at the district level to control for unobserved time-invariant factors. At the individual level, our analyses account for social and demographic context variables. The dependent variable is mental distress, defined as having 14 or more days feeling mentally ill in the previous 30-day period. Independent variables of interest are "interpersonal trust in unknown people" measured in a scale 0-10 and, social networks measured using the number of family members and close friends and subjective well-being through a question about life satisfaction in a scale 0-10. We find risk factors for mental health distress were low trust in unknown people, low life satisfaction, high levels of depression, living in cohabitation, being female, not having children, and living in middle socio-economic status. The odds of feeling mentally ill decreased as trust in unknown people increased by each unit in the trust scale (OR: 0.92). There were gender differences, with women's mental health being less likely to be affected by lack of interpersonal trust (OR: 0.94) than men (OR: 0.76). Our study suggests that actions aimed at fostering interpersonal trust in unknown people could positively affect mental health distress for both males and females. In the context of high urban violence, our study shows that men are more likely to benefit from such actions.

The socioeconomic conditions of recyclers: Census data in Cali, Colombia.

This data article describes two data sets about the socioeconomic conditions of recyclers in Cali, the third largest city in Colombia, South America. Data collected were aimed at understanding the social and economic conditions of this population in order to provide information for crafting policy alternatives for poverty alleviation. Information was collected in two waves in 2013 and in 2015. The first data collection (2013) was focused on a subgroup of recyclers and the second data collection (2015) was a census. In total, more than 3000 direct surveys to recyclers were conducted at individual and family level. In both data collection rounds, information about socioeconomic factors, health, working conditions, access to welfare programs and family composition was gathered. Both data rounds were financed by the local government as an input to design policy interventions to improve the recyclers' quality of life in the city. The data of this manuscript is associated with the publication (Estrada et al., 2017).

Análisis de las competencias en segundo idioma en los programas de psicología colombianos / Analysis of second language competences in Colombian psychology programs

Resumen En este artículo se identificó el dominio del inglés de los futuros egresados de los programas de psicología colombianos. Para tal fin, se analizaron los resultados del componente en inglés del Examen de Estado de Calidad de la Educación Superior (Saber Pro) presentado por los futuros egresados de los programas de psicología de las instituciones de educación superior (IES) entre el 2011 y 2016, en los tres tipos de modalidades que existen: presencial, virtual y a distancia, y teniendo en cuenta si el programa se encontraba o no acreditado. Los resultados muestran que, de los 102 programas, solo 6 cumplieron en el 2014 con la meta establecida por el Gobierno colombiano del 20% de sus egresados en nivel pre-avanzado o superior para ese año. Todos corresponden a la modalidad presencial y de los 30 programas que estaban acreditados en dicho año, solo el 13% cumple con la meta establecida. Además, se discute el cumplimiento de la meta para los demás años. Se discuten los resultados a la luz de las metas establecidas por el Gobierno Nacional respecto al nivel de inglés de los egresados y de las competencias comunicativas establecidas para los psicólogos en el proyecto Tuning, entre otros.

Abstract This study aimed to identify the English proficiency of future graduates of Colombian psychology programs. To this end, we analyze the results of the mandatory English component of the State Examination of Quality of Higher Education (Saber Pro) presented by future graduates of the psychology programs between 2011 and 2016. The document also compares the results by the delivery method (face-to-face, virtual and distance) and national accreditation. The Colombian Government set the exit target that 20% of undergraduates should reach at least pre-advance by 2014. The results show that, of the 102 programs, only 6 met the goal in 2014. All programs that reached the target used a face-to-face delivery method. Results also show that 13% of the accredited 30 programs in that year met the goal. The results are discussed in light of the goals established by the national government regarding the level of graduate English and the communication skills set for the psychologists in the Tuning project, among others.

[Bayesian analysis. Basic and practical concepts for its interpretation and use]. / Análisis bayesiano. Conceptos básicos y prácticos para su interpretación y uso.

Bayesian statistics is based on subjective probability. It works with evidence updating considering the knowledge acquired prior to an investigation, plus the evidence obtained thereof. Results' interpretation requires for the hypotheses to be tested to be specified and their a priori probability to be estimated before the study. Study evidence is measured with the Bayes factor (compatibility ratio of the data under the proposed hypotheses). The conjunction of hypotheses a priori probabilities with the Bayes factor allows calculating the a posteriori probability of each one of them. The hypothesis with the highest degree of certainty at its update is the one that is accepted for decision making. In this review, three examples of hypothesis to be tested are shown: difference of means, correlation and association.

La estadística bayesiana se basa en la probabilidad subjetiva, trabaja con la actualización de la evidencia considerando los conocimientos adquiridos previos a una investigación, más la evidencia obtenida con esta. La interpretación de los resultados requiere la especificación de las hipótesis por contrastar y su probabilidad a priori antes del estudio. La evidencia del estudio se mide con el factor Bayes (razón de la compatibilidad de los datos bajo las hipótesis propuestas). La conjunción de las probabilidades a priori de las hipótesis con el factor Bayes permite calcular la probabilidad a posteriori de cada una. La hipótesis con mayor grado de certidumbre en su actualización es la aceptada para la toma de la decisión. En esta revisión se muestran tres ejemplos de hipótesis por contrastar: diferencia de promedios, correlación y asociación.

English proficiency level in Colombian undergraduate students of medical programs / Nivel de inglés de los futuros egresados de los programas de pregrado de medicina en Colombia

Abstract Introduction: The government intends to position Colombia as a health and welfare tourism destination. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to increase the levels of English proficiency in health professionals, which is in line with the goal set by the Colombian Ministry of National Education for 2014: 20% of medical graduates should score at intermediate or advanced English proficiency levels. Objectives: To determine if the bilingualism goal set for 2014 was achieved by students of undergraduate medical programs in Colombia. Materials and methods: Descriptive and statistical approach (parametric and nonparametric tests) based on data from the Saber Pro test (2011-2015) for medical programs offered in universities of academic nature. Results: The overall percentage of students who met the goal countrywide (28.6%) was satisfactory; however, only 16 medical programs out of 43 (37.2%) achieved the goal. Conclusions: In general, the English proficiency level of potential medical graduates is aligned with the government's goal. However, there is much to be improved considering that about 70% of future medical graduates do not have an intermediate or advanced level in this skill.

Resumen Introducción. El gobierno propuso posicionar a Colombia como un destino turístico de salud y bienestar, siendo uno de los objetivos aumentar los niveles de competencia del inglés en los profesionales de la salud. Esto se relaciona con la meta, para 2014, del Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN) de que 20% de los graduados deberían clasificar en nivel intermedio o superior en inglés. Objetivos. Analizar el cumplimiento de la meta establecida por el MEN para los graduandos de los programas de medicina. Materiales y métodos. Aproximación descriptiva y estadística (pruebas de proporciones paramétricas y no paramétricas) que empleó datos de la prueba Saber Pro (2011-2015) para los programas de medicina de las instituciones de educación superior de carácter académico universitario. Resultados. El porcentaje global de estudiantes que cumplió la meta (28.6%) fue satisfactorio; sin embargo, solo 18 de 43 (37.2%) programas de medicina la cumplieron. Conclusiones. El nivel de inglés de los potenciales graduados de los programas de medicina está alineado con la meta del gobierno. No obstante, hay mucho por mejorar si se tiene en cuenta que cerca del 70% de los futuros graduados de los programas de medicina no alcanza un nivel intermedio o superior en esta competencia.

Homicides, Public Goods, and Population Health in the Context of High Urban Violence Rates in Cali, Colombia.

Obesity and frequent mental and physical distress are often associated with major health problems. The characteristics of the urban environment, such as homicide rates and public goods provision, play an important role in influencing participation in physical activity and in overall mental health. This study aimed to determine whether there was a relationship between homicide rates and public goods provision on the health outcomes of the citizens of Cali, Colombia, a city known for its high urban violence rate and low municipal investment in public goods. We used a linear probability model to relate homicide rates and public goods provision (lighted parks, effective public space per inhabitant, and bus stations) at the district level to health outcomes (obesity and frequent mental and physical distress). Individual data were obtained from the 2014 CaliBRANDO survey, and urban context characteristics were obtained from official government statistics. After controlling for individual covariates, results showed that homicide rates were a risk factor in all examined outcomes. An increase in 1.0 m2 of public space per inhabitant reduced the probability of an individual being obese or overweight by 0.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = - 0.004 to - 0.001) and the probability of frequent physical distress by 0.1% (95% CI = - 0.002 to - 0.001). On average, the presence of one additional bus station increased the probability of being obese or overweight by 1.1%, the probability of frequent mental distress by 0.3% (95% CI = 0.001-0.004), and the probability of frequent physical distress by 0.02% (95% CI = 0.000-0.003). Living in districts with adequate public space and lighted parks lowers the probability of being obese and high homicide rates, which are correlated with poor health outcomes in Cali, Colombia. Investments in public goods provision and urban safety to reduce obesity rates may contribute to a better quality of life for the population.

Street vending and informal economy: Survey data from Cali, Colombia.

This data brief describes data collected in Cali, Colombia about the economic dynamic and socioeconomic conditions of street vendors in the city. The study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in two populated sites in terms of formal and informal commerce in the city. We present the methodology followed in the study, location of street vending sites and type of data collected to approximate to the economic dimension of street vending. Data collected contains information about sociodemographic characteristics, life satisfaction, business operation and characteristics, income and expenses, official license for operation. This information is linked to the publication (Martinez et al., 2017) [1].