Assessing the effects of a mixed Eimeria spp. challenge on performance, intestinal integrity, and the gut microbiome of broiler chickens.

A mixed Eimeria spp. challenge model was designed to assess the effects of challenge on broiler chicken performance, intestinal integrity, and the gut microbiome for future use to evaluate alternative strategies for controlling coccidiosis in broiler chickens. The experimental design involved broiler chickens divided into two groups: a control group (uninfected) and a positive control group, infected with Eimeria acervulina (EA), Eimeria maxima (EM), and Eimeria tenella (ET). At day-of-hatch, 240 off-sex male broiler chicks were randomized and allocated to one of two treatment groups. The treatment groups included: (1) Non-challenged (NC, n = 5 replicate pens); and (2) challenged control (PC, n = 7 replicate pens) with 20 chickens/pen. Pen weights were recorded at d0, d16, d31, d42, and d52 to determine average body weight (BW) and (BWG). Feed intake was measured at d16, d31, d42, and d52 to calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR). Four diet phases included a starter d0-16, grower d16-31, finisher d31-42, and withdrawal d42-52 diet. At d18, chickens were orally challenged with 200 EA, 3,000 EM, and 500 ET sporulated oocysts/chicken. At d24 (6-day post-challenge) and d37 (19-day post-challenge), intestinal lesion scores were recorded. Additionally, at d24, FITC-d was used as a biomarker to evaluate intestinal permeability and ileal tissue sections were collected for histopathology and gene expression of tight junction proteins. Ileal and cecal contents were also collected to assess the impact of challenge on the microbiome. BWG and FCR from d16-31 was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in PC compared to NC. At d24, intestinal lesion scores were markedly higher in the PC compared to the NC. Intestinal permeability was significantly increased in the PC group based on serum FITC-d levels. Cadherin 1 (CDH1), calprotectin (CALPR), and connexin 45 (Cx45) expression was also upregulated in the ileum of the PC group at d24 (6-day post-challenge) while villin 1 (VIL1) was downregulated in the ileum of the PC group. Additionally, Clostridium perfringens (ASV1) was enriched in the cecal content of the PC group. This model could be used to assess the effect of alternative coccidiosis control methods during the post-challenge with EA, EM, and ET.

Identification of Eimeria tenella sporozoite immunodominant mimotopes by random phage-display peptide libraries-a proof of concept study.

Introduction: Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of numerous Eimeria species, has long been recognized as an economically significant disease in the chicken industry worldwide. The rise of anti-coccidian resistance has driven a search for other parasite management techniques. Recombinant antigen vaccination presents a highly feasible alternative. Properly identifying antigens that might trigger a potent immune response is one of the major obstacles to creating a viable genetically modified vaccine. Methods: This study evaluated a reverse immunology approach for the identification of B-cell epitopes. Antisera from rabbits and hens inoculated with whole-sporozoites of E. tenella were used to identify Western blot antigens. The rabbit IgG fraction from the anti-sporozoite serum exhibited the highest reactogenicity; consequently, it was purified and utilized to screen two random Phage-display peptide libraries (12 mer and c7c mer). After three panning rounds, 20 clones from each library were randomly selected, their nucleotide sequences acquired, and their reactivity to anti-sporozoite E. tenella serum assessed. The selected peptide clones inferred amino acid sequences matched numerous E. tenella proteins. Results and Conclusions: The extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) repeats, and the thrombospondin type-I (TSP-1) repeats of E. tenella micronemal protein 4 (EtMIC4) matched with the c7c mer selected clones CNTGSPYEC (2/20) and CMSTGLSSC (1/20) respectively. The clone CSISSLTHC that matched with a conserved hypothetical protein of E. tenella was widely selected (3/20). Selected clones from the 12-mer phage display library AGHTTQFNSKTT (7/20), GPNSAFWAGSER (2/20) and HFAYWWNGVRGP (8/20) showed similarities with a cullin homolog, elongation factor-2 and beta-dynein chain a putative E. tenella protein, respectively. Four immunodominant clones were previously selected and used to immunize rabbits. By ELISA and Western blot, all rabbit anti-clone serums detected E. tenella native antigens. Discussion: Thus, selected phagotopes contained recombinant E. tenella antigen peptides. Using antibodies against E. tenella sporozoites, this study demonstrated the feasibility of screening Phage-display random peptide libraries for true immunotopes. In addition, this study looked at an approach for finding novel candidates that could be used as an E. tenella recombinant epitope-based vaccine.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine salts as potential alternatives to potassium dichromate for Eimeria maxima M6 oocyst preservation.

Introduction: Coccidiosis caused by the Eimeria spp., an Apicomplexan protozoon, is a major intestinal disease that affects the poultry industry. Although most cases of coccidiosis are subclinical, Eimeria infections impair bird health and decrease overall performance, which can result in compromised welfare and major economic losses. Viable sporulated Eimeria oocysts are required for challenge studies and live coccidiosis vaccines. Potassium dichromate (PDC) is typically used as a preservative for these stocks during storage. Although effective and inexpensive, PDC is also toxic and carcinogenic. Chlorhexidine (CHX) salts may be a possible alternative, as this is a widely used disinfectant with less toxicity and no known carcinogenic associations. Methods: In vitro testing of CHX gluconate and CHX digluconate exhibited comparable oocyst integrity and viability maintenance with equivalent bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity to PDC. Subsequent use of CHX gluconate or digluconate-preserved Eimeria oocysts, cold-stored at 4°C for 5 months, as the inoculum also resulted in similar oocyst shedding and recovery rates when compared to PDC-preserved oocysts. Results and discussion: These data show that using 0.20% CHX gluconate could be a suitable replacement for PDC. Additionally, autofluorescence was used as a method to evaluate oocyst viability. Administration of artificially aged oocysts exhibiting >99% autofluorescence from each preserved treatment resulted in no oocyst output for CHX salt groups.

FOXP3 Isoforms Expression in Cervical Cancer: Evidence about the Cancer-Related Properties of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 in Keratinocytes.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common type of cancer among women; the main predisposing factor is persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV), mainly the 16 or 18 genotypes. Both hr-HPVs are known to manipulate the cellular machinery and the immune system to favor cell transformation. FOXP3, a critical transcription factor involved in the biology of regulatory T cells, has been detected as highly expressed in the tumor cells of CC patients. However, its biological role in CC, particularly in the keratinocytes, remained unclarified. Therefore, this work aimed to uncover the effect of FOXP3 on the biology of the tumoral cells. First, public databases were analyzed to identify the FOXP3 expression levels and the transcribed isoforms in CC and normal tissue samples. The study's findings demonstrated an increased expression of FOXP3 in HPV16+ CC samples. Additionally, the FOXP3Δ2 variant was detected as the most frequent splicing isoform in tumoral cells, with a high differential expression level in metastatic samples. However, the analysis of FOXP3 expression in different CC cell lines, HPV+ and HPV-, suggests no relationship between the presence of HPV and FOXP3 expression. Since the variant FOXP3Δ2Δ7 was found highly expressed in the HPV16+ SiHa cell line, a model with constitutive expression of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 was established to evaluate its role in proliferation, migration, and cell division. Finally, RNAseq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways modulated by FOXP3Δ2Δ7. The exogenous expression of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 promotes cell division, proliferation, and migration. The transcriptomic analyses highlight the upregulation of multiple genes with protumor activities. Moreover, immunological and oncogenic pathways were detected as highly enriched. These data support the hypothesis that FOXP3Δ2Δ7 in epithelial cells induces cancer-related hallmarks and provides information about the molecular events triggered by this isoform, which could be important for developing CC.

Histological Identification and Quantification of Eosinophils and Ascites in Leghorn Chickens Treated with High Oral Concentrations of NaCl-Pilot Study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the role played by eosinophils in NaCl poisoning and right cardiac hypertrophy (ascitic syndrome) in Leghorn chickens, as well as the histological findings in the central nervous system (CNS), liver, and kidney. Moreover, the hypertrophy of the right ventricle index (HRVI) as an indicator of ascites was evaluated. Male SPF Leghorn birds at 28 days of age were submitted to two experiments. Food and water (FW) experiment: birds were treated with food plus 3.3% NaCl for the next 27 days and 1% NaCl in their drinking water from days 22 to 27. Water experiment (W): birds were treated with 1% NaCl in their drinking water for 5 days. In both experiments, the chickens exhibited loss of appetite, diuresis, and watery, green diarrhea during treatment days; at 24−27 td-FW and experiment W, the birds showed nervous signology (prostration, running movements, tremors, and comatose state). In the leukogram at 28 td-FW, an increase (p < 0.05) in heterophiles and basophils was observed. CNS eosinophilia was not observed in birds intoxicated with NaCl, though they did present demyelination in the brain and spinal cord, hepatic degeneration, mesangial proliferative glomerulopathy, and acute proximal renotubular necrosis.

Immunotherapy With Egg Yolk Eimeria sp.-Specific Immunoglobulins in SPF Leghorn Chicks Elicits Successful Protection Against Eimeria tenella Infection.

Avian coccidiosis is the first to most economically important parasite disease affecting poultry industries worldwide. Current prevention measures are largely based upon prophylactic chemotherapy supplemented by the application of live attenuated or wild-type parasite vaccines. However, the rising appearance of drug resistance, consumer's concern for antibiotics use in poultry production and higher manufacturing cost of live vaccines has driven to adopt new technologies aimed at increasing animal health and production efficiency. Supplementing chickens with egg yolk Eimeria sp.-specific immunoglobulins can be a viable alternative to avoid severe outbreaks of the disease. Twelve-week-old SPF White Leghorn chickens were experimentally infected with a large dose of E. tenella. During the prepatent period, the birds were supplemented by oral gavage with 60 or 120 mg/bird of hyperimmune egg yolk Eimeria species-specific immunoglobulins Y (Supracox®, SC) on a daily basis. The animals were euthanized 7 days post-infection (PI) and their passive immune protection was evaluated. Birds treated with 120 mg/bird of SC showed more viability, increased body weight gain (BWG), a normal hematocrit level (HCT), reduced oocyst output per gram of feces (OPG) or cecal tissue (OPGC), and fewer cecal lesions compared to the untreated infected (UI) control group. Birds supplemented with 60 mg/bird of SC did not show any significant difference on BWG, HCT, OPG, OPGC, and cecal lesion score when compared with the UI group. An ELISA test of the SC showed a weak cross-reactivity of IgY toward two asexual zoite stages of E. tenella. Western blot analysis of the sporozoite with SC showed few antigens barely recognized, while more stained bands were detected in the merozoite (≈82, ≈60, ≈54, ≈40, ≈38, ≈27.5, and ≈13 kDa). Oral immunotherapy using egg yolk polyclonal IgYs against Eimeria sp. represents an effective and natural resource against severe E. tenella infection favoring the gradual withdrawal of the anticoccidial drugs and antibiotics.

Protective Immunity Induced by an Eimeria tenella Whole Sporozoite Vaccine Elicits Specific B-Cell Antigens.

This study investigated protection against Eimeria tenella following the vaccination of chicks with 5.3 × 106 E. tenella whole-sporozoites emulsified in the nanoparticle adjuvant IMS 1313 N VG Montanide™ (EtSz-IMS1313). One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were subcutaneously injected in the neck with EtSz-IMS1313 on the 1st and 10th days of age. Acquired immunity was assayed through a challenge with 3 × 104 homologous sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. The anticoccidial index (ACI) calculated for every group showed the effectiveness of EtSz-IMS1313 as a vaccine with an ACI of 186; the mock-injected control showed an ACI of 18 and the unimmunized, challenged control showed an ACI of -28. In a comparison assay, antibodies from rabbits and SPF birds immunized with EtSz-IMS1313 recognized almost the same polypeptides in the blotting of E. tenella sporozoites and merozoites. However, rabbit antisera showed the clearest recognition pattern. Polypeptides of 120, 105, 94, 70, 38, and 19 kDa from both E. tenella life cycle stages were the most strongly recognized by both animal species. The E. tenella zoite-specific IgG antibodies from the rabbits demonstrated the feasibility for successful B cell antigen identification.

Síndrome coronario agudo en Guatemala / Acute coronary syndrome in Guatemala

El término “Síndrome Coronario Agudo” (SCA) implica una constelación de síntomas atribuibles a isquemiaaguda del miocardio. Se incluyen bajo esta denominación los infartos del miocardio con elevación delsegmento ST(IMCEST), los Infartos sin elevación del ST(IMSEST) y la angina inestable. Para conocer elcomportamiento y manejo del SCA en los países emergentes, entre Enero del 2007 y Enero del 2009 serealizó el estudio ACCESS (ACute Coronary Events Strategies Survey) para evaluar los mecanismos deestratificación del riesgo, patrones de práctica clínica, manejo, en un año, entre los pacientes reclutados en Guatemala, el SCA fue confirmado en 289 casos: 37 IMSEST, 188 IMCEST y 64 con angina inestable.

The term "acute coronary syndrome" (ACS) involves a constellation of symptoms attributable to acutemyocardial ischemia. Under this designation are included: myocardial infarction with ST segmentelevation(IMCEST), myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation(IMSEST) and unstable angina. Tounderstand the behavior and management of ACS in emerging countries, between January 2007 and January2009, the ACCESS study (ACute Coronary Events Strategies Survey) was conducted to evaluate themechanisms of risk stratification, clinical practice patterns, management, in one year, in the patients enrolledin Guatemala, the SCA was confirmed in 289 cases: 37 NSTEMI, 188 STEMI and 64 with unstable angina.

El incremento gradual de CO2 en la primera mitad de la incubación, con cambio posterior de la presión de O2, modifica la trayectoria de incubación del pollo de engorda / Gradual increase of CO2 during first stages of incubation with late change of O2 partial pressure, modifies the hatch trajectory of broiler chicks

This work was conducted to determine the effect of non-ventilation (NV) during the first 10 days of incubation on carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and its effects on embryonic development (ED). Two studies were done on fertile hatching eggs from breeder hens (Ross 308) of 30 and 45 weeks of age. In the first study, two different incubation conditions were created, one incubator was non-ventilated (NV) during the first ten days of incubation, allowing the CO2 to rise and a second incubator was kept under standard conditions, with adequate ventilation (V). After the first 10 days, both incubations were kept under standard conditions. NV group at 10 days of incubation showed 11 600 ppm of [CO2], with 48% of hatchability from fertile eggs, higher (P < 0.05) than 2 100 ppm of [CO2], and 41% of hatchability from fertile eggs of V group. Day-old chicks from NV were longer and heavier tan chicks from V group. For the second study, two different incubation conditions were created, one incubator was moderately non-ventilated (MNV), and the second one was strictly non-ventilated (SNV). At transfer time, a hole of 1.3 mm in diameter was done over eggshell air cell, every incubator had two groups: with hole (H) and without hole (NH). MNV group at ten days of incubation showed 15 000 ppm of [CO2], and SNV group showed 17 000 ppm of [CO2], with 82% and 77% of hatchability, respectively. The induced hypercapnia during the early development stage improved hatchability parameters, weight and length of chicks. In 45 week-old breeder hens, an optimal hatching profile at high height above sea level with a limit of 15 000 ppm of [CO2] was determined. The eggshell hole helps to reduce embryonic mortality at 19.8 days; however, under this type of NV incubation, it is very important to take into account egg-mass loss, height above sea level and eggshell conductance constant, since all these factors contribute to generate the optimal partial pressure of [O2] and [CO2] before and during hatching.

Se implementó ventilación restringida (VR) para obtener un aumento gradual de CO2 durante los primeros 10 días del desarrollo embrionario (DE) en dos estudios con huevos fértiles de aves reproductoras pesadas (Ross 308) de 30 y 45 semanas de edad. En el primer estudio se formaron dos grupos: VR y ventilación estándar (V). El grupo VR al día 10 del DE mostró 11 600 ppm de [CO2], con 48% de incubabilidad, mayor a las 2 100 ppm de CO2 y 41% de incubabilidad del grupo V. Los pollitos del grupo VR fueron más largos y pesados. En el segundo estudio, los grupos fueron: ventilación restringida media (VRM) y ventilación restringida alta (VRA). Al momento de la transferencia se efectuó una perforación de 1.3 mm en la cámara de aire, los grupos se subdividieron en cascarón sin perforar (CSP) y cascarón perforado (CP). El grupo VRM mostró 15 000 ppm de [CO2] y el VRA 17 000 ppm, con 82% y 77% de incubabilidad, respectivamente. La hipercapnia inducida en la etapa temprana del DE favorece los parámetros de incubación, el peso y la longitud de los pollitos. En gallinas de 45 semanas de edad se determinó un perfil óptimo de incubación a gran altitud sobre el nivel del mar, con límite de 15 000 ppm para [CO2]. La perforación en el cascarón disminuye la mortalidad en la etapa de inicio de la respiración pulmonar; sin embargo, debe lograrse el equilibrio hídrico de los embriones, además de considerar la altitud sobre el nivel del mar y el grado de k = conductancia del cascarón, ya que estos factores son clave para una óptima presión parcial de [O2] y [CO2] antes y durante la eclosión.

Improving global influenza surveillance: trends of A(H5N1) virus in Africa and Asia.

BACKGROUND: Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses are an important health problem in many Asian and African countries. The current increase in human cases demonstrates that influenza A(H5N1) is still a significant global pandemic threat. Many health organizations have recognized the need for new strategies to improve influenza global surveillance. Specifically, the World Health Organization through the global technical consultation for influenza surveillance have called for a detailed picture of the current limitations, especially at the nation level, to evaluate, standardize and strength reporting systems. The main goal of our study is to demonstrate the value of genetic surveillance as part of a strategic surveillance plan. As a proof of concept, we evaluated the current situation of influenza A(H5N1) in Asian and Africa. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed a power-law distribution in the number of sequences of A(H5N1) viruses analyzed and/or reported to influenza surveillance networks. The majority of the Asian and African countries at great risk of A(H5N1) infections have very few (approximately three orders of magnitude) sequenced A(H5N1) viruses (e.g. hemagglutinin genes). This suggests that countries under pandemic alert for avian influenza A(H5N1) have very limited participation (e.g. data generation, genetic analysis and data share) in avian influenza A(H5N1) surveillance. More important, this study demonstrates the usefulness of influenza genetic surveillance to detect emerging pandemic threat viruses. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that some countries suffering from human cases of avian influenza have limited participation (e.g. genetic surveillance or data share) with global surveillance networks. Also, we demonstrate that the implementation of genetic surveillance programs could increase and strengthen worldwide epidemic and pandemic preparedness. We hope that this work promotes new discussions between policy makers and health surveillance organizations to improve current methodologies and regulations.

Un probiótico definido aumenta la exclusión de Salmonella enterica serovariedad Enteritidis durante la crianza de aves ligeras / Enhancement of competitive exclusion by a defined probiotic on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization during rearing of Leghorn chicks

Competitive exclusion degree from a defined (DP) and undefined probiotic (UDP) administered to one-day Leghorn chicks and challenged with 1 x 10(8) CFU of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis fagotype 13A (SE) was evaluated. Birds with DP at 20 day old showed 21.7% of SE positive isolates in liver-spleen (LS), less than 51.7% recorded from birds without any probiotic. In a second study, birds that received DP living together with a group inoculated with SE at third day old, showed 7.5% infection in LS at 13 day of age and 12.5% at 15 day. Whereas, SE inoculated group had 75% and 57.5% of SE isolates, respectively. A third group, living with the last two, without DP or SE showed 27.5% of SE in LS at 13 day, and only 10% at 15 day of age. DP group at 13 day of age, showed a decrease of 75% of SE colonization at cecal tonsils (CT), instead, SE inoculated group was 100% colonized; at 15 day of age, DP decreased 51.4% of SE colonization in CT, while control group showed a decrease of 42.5%, and 68.6% of SE in CT at 13 and 15 days, respectively. In a third study, a DP booster group was dosed three times, at 14 days of age, it had only 4.5% of SE isolates from LS. Birds without DP showed 34.6% of SE isolates, and the group inoculated with only one dose had 17.2% of SE positive birds. DP booster group showed 22.7% of SE in CT, the group with one dose had 62% of SE isolates; birds without DP decreased only 3.9% of SE colonization. DP showed greater margin of protection, decreased horizontal transmission of SE PT13A in LS and CT, and it has good transmission potential. DP booster treatment was better than only one dose. DP is a good alternative for SE prevention and eradication in commercial poultry.

Se determinó el grado de exclusión de un probiótico definido (PECD) y otro no definido (PECND) administrados a aves de la raza Leghorn, de un día de edad, sobre el desafío con 1 x 10(8) UFC de Salmonella enterica serovariedad Enteritidis fagotipo 13A (SE). Las aves con PECD al día 20 mostraron 21.7% de aislamientos positivos de SE en hígado-bazo (HB), menor al 51.7% observado en las aves sin probiótico. En un segundo estudio, las aves que recibieron el PECD y convivieron en piso con un grupo inoculado con SE desde el día tres, mostraron una infección en HB de 7.5% al día 13 y 12.5% al día 15 de edad, el grupo inoculado mostró 75% y 57.5% de SE, respectivamente. Un tercer grupo que convivió con los dos anteriores y no recibió probiótico ni SE, mostró 27.5% de SE en HB al día 13 y sólo 10% al día 15. El grupo con el probiótico muestra una reducción de 75% de SE en tonsilas cecales (TC) al día 13, mientras que el inoculado fue 100% colonizado; al día 15, el probiótico redujo 51.4% la colonización, mientras que el testigo mostró una reducción de 42.5% al día 13 y de 68.6% al día 15. En un tercer estudio un grupo redosificado tres veces, al día 14 de edad disminuyó el porcentaje de aislamientos de SE en HB a tan sólo 4.5%. Las aves que no recibieron el probiótico mostraron 34.6% de SE y las aves que lo recibieron una sola vez mostraron 17.2%. El grupo con refuerzo mostró 22.7% de colonización en TC, el grupo con una dosis mostró 62% de aves positivas a SE, las aves sin probiótico redujeron sólo 3.9% esta colonización. El grupo con PECD muestra mayor margen de protección, reduce la transmisión horizontal de SE PT13A en HB y TC; exhibe además un buen potencial de transmisión. El refuerzo de dosificación del PECD fue mejor que una sola toma. El PECD constituye una buena alternativa en la prevención y erradicación de la SE en la avicultura comercial.

Factores de riesgo asociados a muerte fetal tardía en pacientes ingresados al Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque de enero del 2000 a diciembre del 2003 / Risk factors associated with late fetal death in patient entered Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque of January of the 2000 to December of the 2003

Presenta estudio analítico de tipo caso control y retrospectivo en el Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque, Managua, atendiendose un total de 39 054 nacimientos en el período en estudio con un total de muertes fetales tardías de 445 para una tasa de muerte fetal tardía de 11.39 por mil nacidos vivos. En dicho estudio se encontro que la edad más frecuente de las pacientes estudiadas es entre 20-24 años, con escolaridad secundaria, ocupación más frecuente es la condición de ama de casa, así como el estado civil acompañada, además negaron tener en la gran mayoría antecedentes patológicos personales, ni hábitos tóxicos. El principal sitio de procedencia fue la urbana, la talla más frecuente fue la mayor de 1.5 mts., en su mayoría pacientes tenían entre 2-4 embarazos, los antecedentes de abortos, cesárea, legrado y muerte fetal tardía fueron poco frecuente. El período intergenésico mas frecuente de las pacientes fue el menor de 18 meses, la mayoría de las pacientes que presentaron muerte fetal tardía no se realizaron conatroles prenatales y presentaron menos de 34 semanas de gestación con un peso fetal menor de 25000 grs., entre las patologías que ma se repitieron en el estudio son el sindrome hipertensivo gestacional, ruptura prematura de membrna, infecciones de vías urinarias y anemia. La malformaciones getales sólo se presentaron en el grupo de casos y fueron poco frecuente, el sexo fetal más frecuente fue le masculino, la anomalía del cordón se presentó aproximadamente dos veces mas frecuentes en el grupo de casos en comparación con el grupo de control y el principal lugar de ocurrencia de muerte fetal tardía fue el extrahospitalario y la vía vaginal fue la fomra de culminación dle embarazo más frecuente

Reabsorción radicular de incisivos centrales por impactación de caninos. Una solución ortodóncica / Upper central incisors root resorption by canine impaction: an orthodontic approach

La impactación del canino superior permanente es un problema clínico que puede provocar una serie de secuelas que van desde la pérdida de espacio en el arco para su correcta erupción, hasta la reabsorción radicular de dientes vecinos. En el presente reporte se describe el caso de un paciente con ausencia clínica de caninos superiores, que se encontraban impactados con las coronas orientadas hacia vestibular y las raíces hacia palatino, produciendo reabsorción de 2/3 radiculares de los incisivos centrales superiores. Ambos incisivos centrales superiores fueron extraidos junto con la exposición quirúrgica y posterior tracción ortodóntica de los caninos impactados. En el maxilar inferior se realizaron las extracciones de los incisivos laterales. Diez meses fueron necesarios para observar clinicamente las piezas impactadas. El tiempo de tratamiento fue de dos años y cuatro meses. Se recontornearon las cúspides de los caninos y se añadió resina compuesta para reconstruir el borde incisal.

Hallazgo de Eimeria tenella en células epiteliales de la bolsa de Fabricio / Findings of Eimeria tenella in epithelial cells of the bursa of Fabricius

En el presente trabajo se describen observaciones realizadas durante un experimento diseñado para estudiar el comportamiento de los leucocitos polimorfonucleares en infecciones con E. tenella en pollos tratados con 5-FU como agente granulocitopénico. Ciento veinte pollitos de engorda fueron asignados en 4 grupos con 30 pollitos cada uno: 1) testigo blanco, 2) tratado con 200 mg/kg de peso de 5-fluorouracilo (5-FU), 3) infectado oralmente con 500 ooquistes esporulados de Eimera tenella y 4) infectado con E tenella después del tratamiento con 5-FU. Se administró E. tenella a 5 pollos de cada grupo a los días: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 y 12 días posinoculación con 5-FU (17 días de edad). Siete días posinfección con E. Tenella se tomaron muestras de tejidos de varios órganos, para su estudio histológico. Se observaron coccidias en diferentes estado de desarrollo en 25 y 24 pollos en los grupos 3 y 4, respectivamente. Se observó hiperplasia epitelial moderada a severa, infiltrado mononuclear en el subepitelio, y algunos quistes intraepiteliales, que fueron asociados con la presencia del parásito. Este hallazgo muestra que bajo ciertas circunstancias E. tenella es capaz no sólo de invadir el epitelio de la bolsa de Fabricio, sino tambien de desarrollarse en él

Actividad del interferón proveniente de linfocitos esplénicos de pollo de engorda, durante la infección experimental primaria con Eimeria tenella / Activity of interferon in splenic lymphocytes chickens during Eimeria tenella primed infection

Con la finalidad de evaluar el interferón (INF) secretado durante la infección experimental primaria con Eimeria tenella se realizaron dos estudios. En el primero se evaluó la respuesta primaria en linfacitos T (LT) esplénicos de 40 pollos de engorda (Hubbard X Hubbard) de 20 días de edad, desafiados con 1 x 10 a la cuarta ooquistes esporulados de E. tenella. Los LT se aislaron a partir de cuatro bazos en dos mezclas celulares con la técnica de columnas de fibra de nailón a los días 1, 3, 5, 7 y 9 posinoculación (pi). En el segundo experimento de respuesta primaria, el aislamiento de los LT se efectuó con la técnica de Ficoll Hypaque con cultivos celulares esplénicos individuales provenientes de 30 aves. En cada uno de los dos experimentos se utilizó la mitad de aves del grupo desafiado como aves testigo sin desafiar. Para evidenciar el IFN presente cada día pi se empleó un ensayo antiviral con el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle y la infección de la bolsa de Fabricio. En el primer experimento se observó que el IFN del grupo desafiado alcanzó un pico al día 5 pi que difirió (P< 0.05) del grupo testigo, bajó ligeramente al día 7 pi (P< 0.05) y se incrementó al día 9 pi (P< 0.05). En el segundo experimento, se determinó un comportamiento similar al primero, pero con títulos más altos. El patrón de liberación de IFN de los LT estimulados in vitro después del desafío con E. tenella es diferente al patron de liberación de los LT estimulado in vitro pero sin el desafío con E. tenella. Los ensayos antivirales utilizados detectaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente el IFN aviar secretado por LT estimulados in vitro. Los patrones de liberación de IFN detectado con las dos técnicas de aislamiento de LT después de la infección primaria con E. tenella se comportaron de manera semejante