Public health response to a large-scale endoscopy infection control lapse in a nonhospital clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether transmission of blood-borne pathogens (BBPs) (hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV] and HIV) occurred as a result of endoscopy reprocessing failures identified during an inspection of a nonhospital endoscopy clinic in 2011. METHODS: The present analysis was a retrospective cohort study. Registered notification letters were mailed to 6992 patients who underwent endoscopy from 2002 to 2011 at one Canadian nonhospital endoscopy clinic, informing them of the infection control lapse and offering BBP testing. Multimedia communications and a telephone line supplemented notification. A retrospective study of patients with BBPs was performed with viral genetic testing and risk factor assessment for eligible patients. Risk for infection among patients whose procedure was within seven days of a known positive patient was compared with those whose procedure was performed more than seven days after a known postive patient. The seven-day period was selected as the period most likely to present a risk for transmission based on the documented cleaning procedures at the clinic and the available literature on virus survival. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent (6628 of 6992) of patients/estates were contacted and 5042 of 6728 (75%) living patients completed BBP testing. Three were newly diagnosed with HBV and 14 with HCV. Twenty-three and 48 tested positive for previously known HBV or HCV, respectively, 367 were immune to HBV due to natural infection and one was immune to HBV due to immunization. None tested positive for HIV. Sequencing did not reveal any relationships among the 46 unique case patients with viral genetic test results available. Ninety-three percent of patients reported alternative risk factors for BBP. An increased risk for infection among those who underwent a procedure within seven days of a known HBV or HCV case was not demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy reprocessing failures were not associated with an increased risk for BBP among individuals tested.

OBJECTIF: Lors de l'inspection d'une clinique d'endoscopie non hospitalière en 2011, déterminer si des pathogènes à diffusion hématogène (PDH; virus de l'hépatite B [VHB], virus de l'hépatite C [VHC] et VIH) sont transmis à cause de la défaillance du retraitement de l'endoscopie. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Dans la présente étude de cohorte rétrospective, les chercheurs ont posté une lettre recommandée à 6 992 patients qui avaient subi une endoscopie entre 2002 et 2011 dans une clinique canadienne d'endoscopie non hospitalière pour les informer d'une défaillance du contrôle des infections et leur offrir un test de dépistage des PDH. Les communications multimédias et les appels téléphoniques ont complété cet avis. Les chercheurs ont effectué une étude rétrospective des patients ayant des PDH au moyen de tests génétiques viraux et d'une évaluation des facteurs de risque des patients admissibles. Ils ont comparé le risque d'infection entre les patients dont l'intervention avait eu lieu dans les sept jours suivant celle d'un patient positif connu ceux dont l'intervalle dépassait sept jours. Cette période de sept jours était la plus susceptible de constituer un risque de transmission compte tenu des mesures de nettoyage attestées à la clinique et les publications sur la survie des virus. RÉSULTATS: Les chercheurs ont pris contact avec 95 % (6 628 cas sur 6 692) des patients et des successions, et 5 042 des 6 728 (75 %) patients vivants ont effectué le test de dépistage des PDH. Trois ont obtenu un nouveau diagnostic de VHB et 14, de VHC. De plus, 23 et 48 ont obtenu des résultats positifs à un VHB ou à un VHC déjà connu, respectivement, 367 étaient immuns au VHB en raison d'une infection naturelle et un, grâce à la vaccination. Aucun n'a obtenu de résultat positif au VIH. Le séquençage a révélé l'absence de lien entre les 46 cas uniques de patients pour qui les résultats du test génétique étaient disponibles. Aussi, 93 % des patients ont signalé d'autres facteurs de risques de PDH. Par ailleurs, on n'a pu démontrer d'augmentation du risque d'infection chez les personnes qui avaient subi une intervention dans les sept jours suivant un cas connu de VHB ou de VHC. CONCLUSIONS: L'échec de retraitement de l'endoscopie ne s'associait pas à une augmentation du risque de PDH chez les personnes qui subissaient un test de dépistage.

Social Marginalization and Internal Exclusion: Gay Men's Understandings and Experiences of Community.

A total of 27 gay and bisexual men were interviewed about how they perceived the criminal prosecution of persons living with HIV who do not disclose their HIV status. The stories that emerged from the interviews raise questions about the nature of the gay community. The findings centre on the participants' descriptions of (1) the heterosexual meta-culture, (2) the locales of gay life, and (3) unsupportive elements in the gay community. Analysis of the interview data situates the gay community as a place of both inclusion and exclusion and as a heterogeneous environment.

Des entrevues ont été menées auprès de 27 hommes gais et bisexuels afin de sonder leurs perceptions à l'égard des poursuites criminelles intentées contre les personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida qui n'ont pas divulgué leur état. Les récits qui en découlent soulèvent des questions sur la nature de la communauté gaie. Les données touchent aux descriptions des participants concernant 1) la méta-culture hétérosexuelle; 2) les lieux de la culture gaie; 3) les éléments non solidaires au sein de la communauté gaie. L'analyse des données d'entrevue situe celle-ci comme un espace à la fois d'inclusion et d'exclusion et comme un milieu hétérogène.

Improving collaboration between public health and family health teams in Ontario.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and explore areas where responsibilities may overlap between family health teams (FHTs) and public health units (PHUs); to identify facilitators or barriers to collaboration; and to identify priority areas for increased collaboration. DESIGN AND CONTEXT: Cross-sectional mixed-methods study of FHTs and PHUs in Ontario, Canada, consisting of a postal survey, key informant interviews and a roundtable meeting. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 46%. Direct client-based services such as giving immunizations, promoting prenatal health and nutrition, and counselling related to smoking cessation were identified as the top three areas of perceived overlap. The greatest interest in collaboration was expressed in the areas of emergency planning and preparedness, immunization, and prenatal health and nutrition. Good communication with a clear understanding of roles and functions was the most important facilitator, and lack of resources and absence of a clear provincial mandate and direction to collaborate were identified as significant barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Small, simple client-based projects of interest to both kinds of organization would be the best way to move forward in the short term. Improving communication between FHTs and PHUs, understanding of roles and functions, the use of shared or interoperable information systems and greater clarity from government on the ways in which these two key sectors of the healthcare system are intended to work together were identified as important for the success of increased collaboration.

Get Tested Why Not? A novel approach to internet-based chlamydia and gonorrhea testing in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the Get Tested Why Not campaign is to increase access to chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and sexual health information, with specific focus on youth. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals between the ages of 15-29 are most affected by chlamydia and gonorrhea infections in Ottawa and were identified as the target population. Youth from the target population were engaged in the development and launch of the campaign. SETTING: Development of the campaign began in 2009 and led to a launch on March 21, 2011. Social media promotion as well as traditional advertising approaches developed awareness of the campaign within the target population. INTERVENTION: The campaign consists of a bilingual, youth-friendly website and texting service. After assessing appropriateness of testing, clients can download a requisition form for urine-based chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and submit a sample at one of 26 laboratories across Ottawa. OUTCOMES: During year 1 of the campaign, there were 13,385 website hits and 104 specimens submitted for chlamydia and gonorrhea testing. The majority (57.6%, n=60) of requisitions were submitted by members of the target population (age 15-29). Of the requisitions submitted, 95 (91.3%) were negative, 4 (3.9%) were positive and 5 (4.8%) were cancelled due to lab errors. CONCLUSION: The campaign is reaching the target population and has demonstrated a positive impact on knowledge and intended behaviours of users. The use of technology has expanded testing options, thereby potentially broadening Ottawa Public Health's reach to clients who may be less likely to test through traditional testing approaches.

Nondisclosure prosecutions and population health outcomes: examining HIV testing, HIV diagnoses, and the attitudes of men who have sex with men following nondisclosure prosecution media releases in Ottawa, Canada.

BACKGROUND: During the past decade, the intersection of HIV and criminal law has become increasingly discussed. The majority of studies to date have approached this topic from a sociological or legal perspective. As a result, the potential effect of nondisclosure prosecutions on population health and HIV prevention work remains mostly unknown. METHODS: A descriptive quantitative-qualitative study was undertaken to examine HIV testing, HIV diagnoses, and the attitudes of men who have sex with men following regional media releases about a local nondisclosure prosecution. As part of this study, first, we reviewed the trends in HIV testing and HIV diagnoses from 2008 through 2011 in Ottawa, Canada. Second, we explored the attitudes and beliefs of local MSM about HIV, HIV prevention, HIV serostatus disclosure, nondisclosure prosecutions, and public health. RESULTS: Quantitatively, the findings of this study revealed that, in comparison to the period preceding the media releases about a local nondisclosure prosecution, HIV testing and HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men did not significantly change after the media releases of interest. Qualitatively, a subgroup of 27 men who have sex with men (12 HIV-positive, 15 HIV-negative) noted their beliefs that the local public health department openly shares information about people living with HIV with the police. Moreover, some HIV-positive participants stated that this perceived association between the local public health department and police services caused them to not access public health department services, notwithstanding their desires to seek assistance in maintaining safer sexual practices. CONCLUSIONS: Nondisclosure prosecutions likely undermine HIV prevention efforts.

Measuring population health: a review of indicators.

This article reviews the historical development of population health indicators. We have long known that environmental, socioeconomic, early life conditions, individual actions, and medical care all interact to affect health. Present quantitative reporting on the impact of these factors on population health grew out of Bills of Mortality published in the 1500s. Since then, regular censuses, civil registration of vital statistics, and international classification systems have improved data quality and comparability. Regular national health interview surveys and application of administrative data contributed information on morbidity, health services use, and some social determinants of health. More recently, traditional health databases and datasets on "nonhealth" sector determinants have been linked. Statistical methods for map-making, risk adjustment, multilevel analysis, calculating population-attributable risks, and summary measures of population health have further helped to integrate information. Reports on the health of populations remain largely confined to focused areas. This paper suggests a conceptual framework for using indicators to report on all the domains of population health. Future ethical development of indicators will incorporate principles of justice, transparency, and effectiveness.