[Gastrointestinal complications after on-pump cardiac surgery]. / Abdominal'nye oslozhneniya posle operativnykh vmeshatel'stv na serdtse s iskusstvennym krovoobrashcheniem.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and independent predictors of gastrointestinal complications (GICs) following on-pump cardiac surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data of 9559 adults who underwent cardiac surgery in 2012-2017. Two groups of patients were distinguished: group 1 - 47 (0.5%) patients with abdominal complications followed by urgent surgery; group 2 - 9512 (95.5%) patients without complications or effective therapy. CONCLUSION: 1. Predictors of gastrointestinal complications: age >65 years, previous AF (p=0.011) and multifocal atherosclerosis (p=0.016), LV EF <40% (p=0.039), aortic cross-clamping time > 90 min (p=0.021), intraoperative blood loss over 600 ml (p=0.002), postoperative serum creatinine >140 µmol/l (p=0.005), mechanical ventilation >24 hours (p=0.023).2. Reduced hemodilution during CPB, warm blood cardioplegia, higher perioperative values of Hb, Ht and IDO2 during cardiopulmonary bypass can prevent ischemic injury of abdominal organs during prolonged cardiac surgery.

[Valve sparing aortic root replacement (David Procedure) in 36 year - old woman with the Marfan syndrome at the 27th week of pregnancy]. / Klapansokhraniaiushchee protezirovanie kornia aorty po metodike Dévid na 27 nedele beremennosti u 36 letnei pervorodiashchei patsientki s sindromom Marfana.

The article presents a clinical case of valve sparing aortic root replacement (David Procedure) in 36 year - old woman with the Marfan syndrome at the 27th week of gestation followed by successful prolongation of pregnancy. Indications for reconstructive intervention with cardiopulmonary bypass were: severe aortic valve insufficiency, Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm (66 mm) and the ascending aorta dilatation (53 mm) with a rapid increase of aortic root dimension (12 mm during 9 weeks). The patient underwent a valve sparing aortic root replacement according to David procedure using Gelweave Valsalva graft (Vascutec) No 28 The time of cardiopulmonary bypass was 137 minutes; the time of aortic cross-clamping was 107 minutes. The patient was discharged from the hospital in a satisfactory condition in 21 days after the operation. Pregnancy was prolonged and ended with a planned cesarean section at 38 weeks of gestation, the birth of a boy with an Apgar score of 7/8.

[Myocardial protection during left-ventricular reconstruction in patients with an ejection fraction below 30]. / Zashchita miokarda pri rekonstruktsii levogo zheludochka u bol'nykh s fraktsiei vybrosa menee 30.

Surgical reconstruction of the left ventricle is an effective method of treatment for ischaemic cardiomyopathy. One of the conditions of successful intervention is correctly choosing a method of intraoperative myocardial protection. Currently, two techniques of myocardial protection are used: cardioplegic cardiac arrest and continuous myocardial perfusion on the beating heart. A series of experimental studies demonstrated that myocardial oxygen requirements in ischaemic cardiomyopathy during permanent perfusion are three times higher than during cardioplegic cardiac arrest. However, the technique of continuous myocardial perfusion in conditions of the beating heart makes it possible to prevent ischaemia of the most sensitive subendocardial layers of the myocardium. In order to determine optimal strategy of myocardial protection during surgical reconstruction of the left ventricle we retrospectively assessed therapeutic outcomes in a total of 136 patients presenting with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, an ejection fraction below 30%, and an end-systolic volume index of more than 100 ml/m2. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=44) subjected to reconstruction of the left ventricle performed on the beating heart and group 2 (n=92) undergoing surgery in conditions of cardioplegic cardiac arrest. We examined early and medium-term clinical and echocardiographic results (30-day mortality, postoperative complications, medium-term survival, and probability of the development of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE)). It was determined that short- and medium-term clinical and echocardiographic results of surgical reconstruction of the left ventricle in patients with an ejection fraction less than 30% do not depend on the method of myocardial protection (continuous myocardial perfusion in conditions of the beating heart or crystalloid cardioplegia).

[Artificial circulation in high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions]. / Iskusstvennoe krovoobrashchenie pri chreskozhnykh koronarnykh vmeshatel'stvakh vysokogo riska.

In their everyday practical clinical work cardiovascular surgeons sometimes have to deal with patients at extremely high risk of both percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) and direct myocardial revascularization. A method of choice in such situations may become a PCI supported by artificial circulation (AC), for which foreign and Russian authors propose using systems of prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The present work was aimed at sharing our experience with using standard systems of AC and their modifications (mini-circuit systems) for performing high-risk PCIs. Between October 2011 and November 2014, PCIs supported by artificial circulation were performed in a total of ten patients. All had extremely high risk of PCI due to coronary artery lesions [subocclusion of the trunk of the left coronary artery (LCA) combined with occlusion or significant stenosis of the right coronary artery (RCA)], concomitant pathology (obesity, diabetes mellitus, age, etc.) or critical state (circulatory arrest, resuscitating measures). Three patients during PCI developed ventricular fibrillation and one patient suffered an episode of asystole. All cardiac arrhythmias after restoration of the coronary blood flow disappeared spontaneously on the background of extracorporeal support. The only lethal outcome was registered during emergency PCI in a female patient admitted to the roentgen-operating room in the state of clinical death, on the background of continuing resuscitation measures. The presented methods of assisted circulation based on the standard AC systems and modification thereof (mini-circuit system) proved efficient. They make it possible to perform high-risk PCIs, including in clinics having neither appropriate equipment nor experience in ECMO.

[Single-stage correction of aortic coarctation combined with an aneurysm of the ascending portion of the aorta and/or intracardiac pathology in adults].

OBJECTIVE: the work was aimed at substantiating and studying the outcomes of single-stage correction of aortic coarctation combined with an aneurysm of the ascending portion of the aorta and/or intracardiac pathology in adult patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From August 2009 to September 2012, a total of nine patients were operated on for aortic coarctation combined with an aneurysm of the ascending portion of the aorta and/or intracardiac pathology. The patient s average age amounted to 35.6±15 years. The risk median according to the Euroscore scale equalled 9.35 % (7 points). Aortic coarctation was corrected by means of ascending-to-descending bypass grafting of the aorta, simultaneously accompanied by prosthetic repair of the ascending portion of the aorta and/or correction of cardiac pathology from the median sternotomy approach. RESULTS: The mean duration of artificial circulation amounted to 178.7±25.5 min, with that of myocardial ischaemia equalling 133.7±29.4 min. The average volume of blood loss was 616.6±325 min. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from two months to three years. No lethal outcomes were observed. The clinical manifestation of hypertension regressed in all patients. There were no cases of either dislocation of the ascending-descending bypass graft or compression of the surrounding formations thereby. CONCLUSION: The presented technique of single-stage surgical correction of aortic coarctation combined with an aneurysm of the ascending aorta and/or intracardiac pathology in adult patients makes it possible to perform all technical manipulations during a single-step surgical intervention from one approach, i. e. sternotomy. Placing the aorto-aortic graft behind the inferior vena cava toward the front of the right pulmonary veins makes it possible to minimize the risks associated with an extra-anatomical position of the prosthesis.

[Hemodynamic parameters and saturation of the cerebral cortex blood with oxygen during extracorporeal circulation in heart surgery]. / Vliianie parametrov gemodinamiki na nasyshchenie kislorodom krovi kory golovnogo mozga vo vremia iskusstvennogo krovoobrashcheniia pri operatsiiakh na serdtse.

Sixty-three patients were intraoperatively examined during heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation (AEC). They were operated on for an affected heart-valve apparatus (AHVA) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). There was a perioperative monitoring of central hemodynamics, pressure in the bulb of superior jugular vein (BSJV) and electroencephalography (EEG). Regional oxygenation of the brain was made in real time by a INVOS3100 oximeter (SOMANETICS, USA). A maximal saturation of the cortex blood with oxygen at AEC was registered in patients with AHVA at an average pressure below 70 mm Hg, and in patients with IHD--at 85 mm Hg. An increased pressure in BSJV at a constant mean arterial pressure and at AEC is related with blood outflow from the venous collector of the brain.

[Anesthesia in surgical treatment of the ascending aorta-arch aneurysms]. / Anesteziologicheskoe obespechenie operatsii po povodu anevrizm voskhodiashchego otdela i dugi aorty.

The paper analyzes anesthesiological maintenance of infusion therapy, optimal criteria for effective brain protection, complications and mortality in 42 patients during operations on the ascending portion and arch of the aorta under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. For this purpose, the patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 comprised 20 patients operated on before 1998; Group 2 included 22 patients operated on in 1998 to 2001. In both groups, circulatory arrest lasted 44 +/- 7 min. The patients were cooled to a temperature of 13.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C, to 15 +/- 0.6 degrees C in the nasopharynx. The duration of cooling was 58 +/- 5 and 73 +/- 6 min, respectively; that of warming-up was 70 +/- 8 and 83 +/- 6 min. Investigations have indicated that determination of the optimum brain cooling requires a complex assessment of central temperature values, electroencephalographic monitoring (visual estimation of a curve and quantitative characteristics), SjbO2 and cerebral metabolism. The investigations have shown that the procedure for anesthesiological maintenance and cerebral metabolism is safe and effective even in patients with arrested circulation lasting longer than 60 min. The operative mortality does not depend on the use of circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia and on its duration. Hemodynamic instability due to bleeding, as well as myocardial infarction, marked hemodilution during extracorporeal circulation are major factors that cause an increase in the rates of incidence of complications and mortality. The procedure used for anesthesiological maintenance and infusion therapy, decreased blood loss, and a reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction could significantly reduce operative mortality. The fact that there were no neurological complications even during prolonged (80-min) circulatory arrest has shown that the brain-protective procedure including both general and regional cooling is reliable and to the extent of the indicated criteria. So is pharmacological protection.

[Autonomic reactivity and intraoperative arterial hypertension in patients with ischemic heart disease]. / Vegetativnaia reaktivnost' i intraoperatsionnaia arterial'naia gipertenziia u bol'nykh IBS.

As patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) may develop intraoperative hypertensive and hyperdynamic reactions provoking myocardial ischemia, the authors estimated reactivity of the autonomic nervous system before giving anesthesia. This was made for prediction of intraoperative hypertensive reactions and choice of an optimal anesthesia variant. Combination of spectral analysis of variability of the heart rhythm and active orthostatic test was employed for this purpose in 50 IHD patients undergoing myocardial revascularization.