The pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous voriconazole - a novel wide-spectrum antifungal agent.

AIMS: Voriconazole is a new triazole with broad-spectrum antifungal activity against clinically significant and emerging pathogens. These studies evaluated the pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous voriconazole in healthy male volunteers. METHODS: Two single-blind, placebo-controlled studies were conducted. In Study A, 12 subjects were randomized to voriconazole (3 mg kg-1) or placebo, administered once daily on days 1 and 12, and every 12 h on days 3-11. In Study B, 18 subjects were randomized to voriconazole or placebo, with voriconazole being administered as a loading dose at 6 mg kg-1 twice on day 1, then at 3 mg kg-1 twice daily on days 2-9, and once at 3 mg kg-1 on day 10. RESULTS: In both studies, the plasma concentrations of voriconazole increased rapidly following the initiation of dosing. Minimum observed plasma concentration (Cmin) values at steady state were above the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for most fungal pathogens (Cmin > 0.8 micro g ml-1). The use of a loading dose in Study B resulted in a shorter time to steady-state Cmin values than was observed in Study A. Values of the final day plasma pharmacokinetic parameters in Studies A and B were similar: maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) 3621 and 3063 ng ml-1; areas under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (AUCtau) 16 535 and 13 245 ng.h ml-1, and terminal elimination phase half-lives (t1/2) 6.5 and 6.7 h, respectively. On multiple dosing, voriconazole accumulated (AUCtau accumulation ratio 2.53-3.17, Study A) at a level that was not predictable from single-dose data. The mean concentration-time profiles for voriconazole in saliva were similar to those in plasma. Multiple doses of voriconazole were well tolerated and no subject discontinued from either study. Seven cases of possibly drug-related visual disturbance were reported in three subjects (Study B). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a loading dose of 6 mg kg-1 i.v. voriconazole on the first day of treatment followed by 3 mg kg-1 i.v. twice daily achieves steady state by the third day of dosing. This dosage regimen results in plasma levels of the drug that rapidly exceed the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against important fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus spp.

Coadministration of voriconazole and phenytoin: pharmacokinetic interaction, safety, and toleration.

AIMS: Voriconazole is a new triazole antifungal agent, and is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and, to a lesser extent, by CYP3A4. Phenytoin is an inducer of CYP3A4 activity, and a substrate and inducer of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. The present studies investigated the pharmacokinetic interactions of voriconazole and phenytoin when coadministered. METHODS: Two placebo-controlled parallel-group studies were conducted in healthy male volunteers. Study A was an open-label study and investigated the effect of phenytoin (300 mg once daily) on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole (200 mg and 400 mg twice daily). Study B was a double-blind randomized study to investigate the effects of voriconazole (400 mg twice daily) on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin (300 mg once daily). Cmax and AUCtau were compared at days 7, 21, and 28 (Study A), and at days 7 and 17 (Study B). All adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: Study A: 21 subjects were evaluable (10 voriconazole + phenytoin, 11 voriconazole + placebo). For subjects receiving voriconazole (200 mg twice daily) plus phenytoin, the day 21/day 7 ratios for voriconazole Cmax and AUCtau were 60.7%[90% confidence interval (CI) 50.1, 73.6] and 35.9% (90% CI 29.7, 43.3), respectively. Adjusted for voriconazole + placebo, the ratios between the means were 50.7% (90% CI 38.8, 66.1) and 30.6% (90% CI 23.5, 39.7), respectively. When the dose of voriconazole was increased to 400 mg twice daily, the day 28/day 7 ratios for voriconazole Cmax and AUCtau were 134% (90% CI 89.2, 200) and 139% (90% CI 97.3, 199), respectively. Study B: 15 subjects were evaluable for pharmacokinetic assessments (six phenytoin + voriconazole, nine phenytoin + placebo). The ratios between the means for phenytoin + voriconazole/phenytoin + placebo on day 17 vs. day 7 were: phenytoin Cmax 167% (90% CI 144, 193) and phenytoin AUCtau 181% (90% CI 156, 210). All treatments were well tolerated: most adverse events were mild/moderate and transient. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat dose administration of phenytoin decreased the mean steady-state Cmax and AUCtau of voriconazole by approximately 50% and 70%, respectively. Increasing the dose of voriconazole from 200 mg to 400 mg b.d. compensated for this effect. Repeat dose administration of 400 mg b.d. voriconazole increased the mean steady-state Cmax and AUCtau of phenytoin by approximately 70% and 80%, respectively. It is therefore recommended that plasma phenytoin concentrations are monitored and the dose adjusted as appropriate when phenytoin is coadministered with voriconazole.

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist eletriptan following intravenous and oral administration.

Four separate studies were conducted to examine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of eletriptan, a 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist being developed for the treatment of migraines, after oral and intravenous administration. Fifty-five males received oral (1.5-30 mg or 30-120 mg) or intravenous (1.67-50 microg/kg or 50-102 microg/kg) eletriptan in four double- and single-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose crossover studies. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration curve (AUC) appeared linear over all dose ranges, with an apparent terminal half-life of 4 to 5 hours. Clearance and volume of distribution remained constant with dose. The time to first occurrence of Cmax (tmax) for oral eletriptan was approximately 1 hour and was unaffected by dose. Comparison of AUC values suggested an absolute bioavailability of approximately 50%. A linear PK/PD model, fitted to the data, predicted small, transient elevations in diastolic blood pressure following eletriptan doses > or = 60 mg. These effects were considered unlikely to be clinically significant. Eletriptan was well tolerated, and treatment-related adverse events were mild to moderate and transient. These PK properties should result in eletriptan having a rapid onset and sustained duration of action in terms of migraine efficacy.