The Predictive Value of Vital Signs for Morbidity in Pregnancy: Evaluating and Optimizing Maternal Early Warning Systems.

OBJECTIVE: Vital sign scoring systems that alert providers of clinical deterioration prior to critical illness have been proposed as a means of reducing maternal risk. This study examined the predictive ability of established maternal early warning systems (MEWS)-as well as their component vital sign thresholds-for different types of maternal morbidity, to discern an optimal early warning system. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study analyzed all patients admitted to the obstetric services of a four-hospital urban academic system in 2018. Three sets of published MEWS criteria were evaluated. Maternal morbidity was defined as a composite of hemorrhage, infection, acute cardiac disease, and acute respiratory disease ascertained from the electronic medical record data warehouse and administrative data. The test characteristics of each MEWS, as well as for heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were compared. RESULTS: Of 14,597 obstetric admissions, 2,451 patients experienced the composite morbidity outcome (16.8%) including 980 cases of hemorrhage (6.7%), 1,337 of infection (9.2%), 362 of acute cardiac disease (2.5%), and 275 of acute respiratory disease (1.9%) (some patients had multiple types of morbidity). The sensitivities (15.3-64.8%), specificities (56.8-96.1%), and positive predictive values (22.3-44.5%) of the three MEWS criteria ranged widely for overall morbidity, as well as for each morbidity subcategory. Of patients with any morbidity, 28% met criteria for the most liberal vital sign combination, while only 2% met criteria for the most restrictive parameters, compared with 14 and 1% of patients without morbidity, respectively. Sensitivity for all combinations was low (maximum 28.2%), while specificity for all combinations was high, ranging from 86.1 to 99.3%. CONCLUSION: Though all MEWS criteria demonstrated poor sensitivity for maternal morbidity, permutations of the most abnormal vital signs have high specificity, suggesting that MEWS may be better implemented as a trigger tool for morbidity reduction strategies in the highest risk patients, rather than a general screen. KEY POINTS: · MEWS have poor sensitivity for maternal morbidity.. · MEWS can be optimized for high specificity using modified criteria.. · MEWS could be better used as a trigger tool..

Low COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Among Psychiatric Inpatients: Implications for Institutional Settings and Outreach Efforts.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine COVID-19 vaccination rates for individuals with serious mental illness admitted to a large health system in New York State. METHODS: Vaccination rates among 12,714 patients admitted to psychiatric units and to medical and surgical units were compared between April 6, 2021, and September 30, 2021. RESULTS: Only 40% (N=416 of 1,029) of patients admitted to psychiatric services had at least one COVID-19 vaccination, whereas 64.4% (7,523 of 11,685) of patients admitted to medical and surgical services had at least one vaccination. After adjustment for differences in key demographic and clinical characteristics, patients admitted to psychiatric services had a significantly lower likelihood of vaccination during the study period (risk ratio=0.78, 95% confidence interval=0.73-0.85, p<0.001). Black psychiatric patients had the lowest vaccination rate (28%). CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric patients with acute illness had low COVID-19 vaccination rates. Targeted outreach for COVID-19 vaccination is necessary to reach this population.

Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Cesarean Delivery: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

OBJECTIVE: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) was developed as a way to standardize clinical care pathways and communication across multidisciplinary teams to improve patient recovery and reduce hospital length of stay (LOS). Our objective was to implement an ERAS protocol for cesarean delivery (ERAS-CD) and evaluate its efficacy in reducing LOS. STUDY DESIGN: An ERAS-CD program was implemented at our institution in October 2018. Patients undergoing scheduled and unscheduled CD were maintained on an ERAS pathway of care, which included preoperative hydration, standardized intraoperative protocols, and postoperative analgesic regimens as well as early feeding, urinary catheter removal, and ambulation. We compared LOS after delivery (calculated from time of delivery to discharge), readmission rates, health care disparities and postoperative opioid prescribing practices before (October 2017-September 2018) and after (November 2018-October 2019) ERAS implementation. We excluded any outliers, defined as a LOS >25 days. Continuous data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Student's t-test and Chi-square were used for statistical comparison with p <0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There were 1,729 patients who had a CD in the pre-ERAS group with a mean LOS after delivery of 3.32 ± 6.19 days. In the post-ERAS group, 1,753 women underwent CD with a mean LOS after delivery of 2.85 ± 5.79 days, a statistically significant difference from the pre-ERAS group (p <0.001). There was no difference in readmission rates between pre- and post-ERAS implementation groups (1.9 vs. 2.2%, p = 0.53). There was a reduction in health care disparities in postoperative LOS, when stratifying by race-ethnicity, and a reduction in opioid prescribing practices after the implementation of the program. CONCLUSION: With the implementation of an ERAS-CD program, we achieved a reduced LOS, without increasing readmission rates, and saw a reduction in health care disparities and opioid dispensing. A shorter LOS could offer an enhanced patient experience, as well as improved and equitable perioperative outcomes. KEY POINTS: · ERAS-CD is associated with a reduction in postoperative hospital length of stay.. · A reduction in health care disparities by race-ethnicity was observed with the implementation of ERAS-CD.. · A reduction in opioid dispensing was observed with the implementation of ERAS-CD..

Perioperative Antibiotics and Other Factors Associated with Postcesarean Infections: A Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine modifiable risk factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI) and postpartum endometritis. We hypothesized that inappropriate surgical antibiotic prophylaxis would be a risk factor for both types of infections. STUDY DESIGN: This was a single-center case-control study of SSI and endometritis after cesarean delivery over a 2-year period from 2016 to 2017. Cases were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnosis codes, infection control surveillance, and electronic medical records search and were subsequently confirmed by chart review. Three controls were randomly selected for each case from all cesareans ± 48 hours from case delivery. Demographic, pregnancy, and delivery characteristics were abstracted. Separate multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with SSI and endometritis. Postpartum outcomes, including length of stay and readmission, were also compared. RESULTS: We identified 141 cases of SSI and endometritis with an overall postpartum infection rate of 4.0% among all cesarean deliveries. In adjusted analysis, factors associated with both SSI and endometritis were intrapartum delivery, classical or other (non-low-transverse) uterine incision, and blood transfusion. Factors associated with SSI only included inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis, public insurance, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, and nonchlorhexidine abdominal preparation; factors only associated with endometritis included ß-lactam allergy, anticoagulation therapy, and chorioamnionitis. Among cases, 34% of those with SSI and 25% of those with endometritis did not receive adequate antibiotic prophylaxis, compared with 12.9 and 13.5% in control groups, respectively. Failure to receive appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with an increased risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-15.6) but not endometritis (aOR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4-2.0). CONCLUSION: Inadequate surgical antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with an increased risk of SSI but not postpartum endometritis, highlighting the different mechanisms of these infections and the importance of prioritizing adequate surgical prophylaxis. Additional potentially modifiable factors which emerged included blood transfusion and chlorhexidine skin preparation. KEY POINTS: · Inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with a four-fold risk in surgical site infections.. · The most common cause for failure to achieve adequate surgical prophylaxis was inappropriate timing of antibiotics at or after skin incision.. · Blood transfusions are strongly associated (>10-fold risk) with both SSI and endometritis..

Urgent engagement in 9/11 pregnant widows and their infants: Transmission of trauma.

The potential effects of maternal trauma on mother-infant interaction remain insufficiently studied empirically. This study examined the effects of the September 11, 2001, trauma on mother-infant interaction in mothers who were pregnant and widowed on 9/11, and their infants aged 4-6 months. Split-screen videotaped interaction was coded on a one-second basis for infant gaze, facial affect, and vocal affect; and mother gaze, facial affect, and touch. We examined the temporal dynamics of communication: self-contingency and interactive contingency of behavior by time-series methods. We documented heightened maternal and infant efforts at engagement in the 9/11 (vs. control) dyads. Both partners had difficulty tolerating moments of looking away as well as moments of negative behavior patterns. Heightened efforts to maintain a positive visual engagement may be adaptive and a potential source of resilience, but these patterns may also carry risk: working too hard to make it work. A vigilant, hyper-contingent, high-arousal engagement was the central mode of the interpersonal transmission of the trauma to these infants, with implications for intervention.

Family nurture intervention for preterm infants facilitates positive mother-infant face-to-face engagement at 4 months.

Although preterm infants are at risk for social deficits, interventions to improve mother-infant interaction in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are not part of standard care (SC). Study participants were a subset from a randomized controlled trial of a new intervention for premature infants, the Family Nurture Intervention (FNI), designed to help mothers and infants establish an emotional connection. At infants' 4 months corrected age, mother-infant face-to-face interaction was filmed and coded on a 1-s time base for mother touch, infant vocal affect, mother gaze, and infant gaze. Time-series models assessed self- and interactive contingency. Comparing FNI to SC dyads, FNI mothers showed more touch and calmer touch patterns, and FNI infants showed more angry-protest but less cry. In maternal touch self-contingency, FNI mothers were more likely to sustain positive touch and to repair moments of negative touch by transitioning to positive touch. In maternal touch interactive contingency, when infants looked at mothers, FNI mothers were likely to respond with more positive touch. In infant vocal affect self-contingency, FNI infants were more likely to sustain positive vocal affect and to transition from negative to positive vocal affect. In maternal gaze interactive contingency, following infants' looking at mother, FNI mothers of male infants were more likely to look at their sons. In maternal gaze self-contingency, following mothers' looking away, FNI mothers of male infants were more likely to look at their sons. Documentation of positive effects of the FNI for 4-month mother-infant face-to-face communication is useful clinically and has important implications for an improved developmental trajectory of these infants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Longitudinal relations among maternal depressive symptoms, maternal mind-mindedness, and infant attachment behavior.

The relations among maternal depression risk, maternal mind-mindedness, and infants' attachment behavior were longitudinally examined in a community sample of mother-infant dyads. Maternal self-reported depression risk was measured at the infant ages of 6 weeks, 4 months, and 12 months. Maternal mind-mindedness, assessed from mothers' comments about infants' mental states (e.g., infants' thoughts, desires, or emotions), was measured during mother-infant interactions when infants were 4 months. Infants' attachment behavior was assessed at one year. Mothers' depression risk decreased over the infants' first year, with the sharpest decline between 6 weeks and 4 months. Mothers at risk for depression when infants were 6 weeks showed less appropriate mind-mindedness at 4 months. Mind-mindedness was not related to maternal depression risk at the infant age of 4 months or 12 months. Infants' degree of disorganized attachment behavior at one year was positively associated with maternal depression risk at 6 weeks and negatively associated with maternal appropriate mind-mindedness at 4 months. Mothers who are at risk for depression in their infants' early lives may be hampered in their capacity to respond appropriately to their infants' mental states. Infants with mothers who have difficulty responding appropriately to their mental states, as suggested by low appropriate mind-mindedness, may feel less known and recognized by their mothers, a key theme in the origins of disorganized attachment.

Psychiatrists' follow-up of identified metabolic risk: a mixed-method analysis of outcomes and influences on practice.

Aims and method To describe and explain psychiatrists' responses to metabolic abnormalities identified during screening. We carried out an audit of clinical records to assess rates of monitoring and follow-up practice. Semi-structured interviews with 36 psychiatrists followed by descriptive and thematic analyses were conducted. Results Metabolic abnormalities were identified in 76% of eligible patients screened. Follow-up, recorded for 59%, was variable but more likely with four or more abnormalities. Psychiatrists endorse guidelines but ambivalence about responsibility, professional norms, resource constraints and skills deficits as well as patient factors influences practice. Therapeutic optimism and desire to be a 'good doctor' supported comprehensive follow-up. Clinical implications Psychiatrists are willing to attend to physical healthcare, and obstacles to recommended practice are surmountable. Psychiatrists seek consensus among stakeholders about responsibilities and a systemic approach addressing the social determinants of health inequities. Understanding patients' expectations is critical to promoting best practice.