ABSTRACT
Interactions of nine sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfadoxine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamerazine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfacetamide, sulfaguanidine, and sulfanilamide) with cetyltrimethylamonium bromide (CTABr) micelles were examined using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Seven of the nine provided a significant change in the (1)H NMR chemical shift such that the magnitude and direction (upfield vs downfield) of the chemical shift could be used to propose a locus and orientation of the sulfonamide within the micelle structure. The magnitude of the chemical shift was used to estimate the binding constant for seven sulfonamides with CTABr micelles, providing values and an overall pattern consistent with previous studies of these sulfonamides.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Cetrimonium Compounds/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Micelles , Sulfonamides/chemistry , CetrimoniumABSTRACT
To better understand the environmental mobility of sulfonamide antibiotics and develop improved processes for their removal during wastewater treatment, stirred cell ultrafiltration (UF) experiments were conducted using both synthetic and real wastewater effluent. The interactions between selected sulfonamides (sulfaguanidine, sulfathiazole and sulfamerazine), solids and dissolved organic matter were systematically explored. The further impact of micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), a process in which surfactants are added at micellar concentrations to enhance removal of various trace contaminants from aqueous streams, was then explored by using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Ultrafiltration of sulfonamides in the absence of other materials generally removed only 15-20% of the antibiotics. The presence of micellar solutions of CTAB generally improved removal of sulfonamides over UF alone, with rejections ranging from 20 to 74%. Environmental solids (sediment) further increased retention of sulfonamides using both UF and MEUF, but the presence of DOM did not influence rejection. Similar trends were observed on UF and MEUF of real effluent samples that had been spiked with the sulfonamides, confirming the environmental relevance of the observed interactions between sulfonamides, surfactant, and wastewater constituents. The results demonstrate that MEUF processes can be designed for the selective removal of such trace contaminants as sulfonamide antibiotics.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods , Micelles , Sulfonamides/isolation & purification , Ultrafiltration/methods , Wastewater/analysis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Cetrimonium , Cetrimonium Compounds , Molecular Structure , Sulfonamides/analysis , Sulfonamides/chemistryABSTRACT
The speciation of aluminum in solutions of alum and various prehydrolyzed, aluminum-based water treatment coagulants was investigated by 27Al NMR at 5 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Alum solutions were seen to contain only mononuclear species including an AlSO4(+) complex, while the prehydrolyzed coagulant solutions contained polynuclear aluminum species, as well. The relative proportions of both polynuclear species and AlSO4(+) complex decreased in cold water. The presence of organic matter had little effect on the speciation of aluminum in diluted alum, but markedly reduced the relative proportion of the tridecamer species in the prehydrolyzed coagulant solutions. The relationship between Al speciation in the coagulants and organic matter removal during jar tests was considered, and the possible role of sulfate in both the formation of the tridecamer species and the effect of organic matter on coagulation efficiency was discussed.