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1.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 83(supl.4): 13-17, oct. 2023. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521196

ABSTRACT

Resumen La terapia génica ha logrado avances significativos en el tratamiento de enfermedades genéticas, especial mente en enfermedades raras y monogénicas. Se han desarrollado y aprobado terapias génicas para tratar en fermedades como la atrofia muscular espinal, brindando esperanza a los pacientes y demostrando la eficacia de esta terapia. Actualmente, se están realizando numerosos ensayos clínicos para evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la terapia génica en diversas enfermedades, particularmente en el campo de la neurología pediátrica. Estos estudios están generando datos alentadores y contribuyen al conoci miento sobre cómo mejorar las técnicas de terapia génica. A pesar de los avances, la terapia génica enfrenta desafíos importantes. Es una terapia costosa y téc nicamente compleja, lo que limita su accesibilidad. Además, aspectos como la entrega eficiente de genes, la respuesta inmunológica a los vectores y la duración de la respuesta terapéutica requieren mejoras. se está investigando activamente. En cuanto al futuro de la terapia génica, se espera que los avances en tecnología de edición génica, como CRISPR-Cas9, permitan una mayor precisión y eficiencia en la modificación de genes. Se espera que la investigación en vectores de terapia génica mejore la capacidad de entrega y la seguridad de los tratamientos. Se están desarrollando nuevas ge neraciones de vectores virales y no virales que podrían superar las limitaciones actuales y permitir una admi nistración más eficiente y precisa de genes terapéuticos.


Abstract Gene therapy has achieved significant advancements in the treatment of genetic diseases, especially in rare and monogenic diseases. Gene therapies have been de veloped and approved to treat diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy, offering hope to patients and dem onstrating the effectiveness of this therapy. Currently, numerous clinical trials are being conduct ed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gene therapy in various diseases, particularly in the field of pediatric neurology. These studies are generating encouraging data and contributing to the knowledge on how to im prove gene therapy techniques. Despite the advancements, gene therapy faces significant challenges. It is a costly and technically complex therapy, limiting its accessibility. Addition ally, aspects such as efficient gene delivery, immune response to vectors, and duration of therapeutic re sponse require improvements and are actively being investigated. Regarding the future of gene therapy, advances in gene editing technology, such as CRISPR-Cas9, are ex pected to allow for greater precision and efficiency in gene modification. Research on gene therapy vectors is expected to en hance the delivery capacity and safety of treatments. New generations of viral and non-viral vectors are be ing developed that could overcome current limitations and enable more efficient and precise administration of therapeutic genes.

2.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 83 Suppl 4: 13-17, 2023 Sep.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37714117

ABSTRACT

Gene therapy has achieved significant advancements in the treatment of genetic diseases, especially in rare and monogenic diseases. Gene therapies have been developed and approved to treat diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy, offering hope to patients and demonstrating the effectiveness of this therapy. Currently, numerous clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gene therapy in various diseases, particularly in the field of pediatric neurology. These studies are generating encouraging data and contributing to the knowledge on how to improve gene therapy techniques. Despite the advancements, gene therapy faces significant challenges. It is a costly and technically complex therapy, limiting its accessibility. Additionally, aspects such as efficient gene delivery, immune response to vectors, and duration of therapeutic response require improvements and are actively being investigated. Regarding the future of gene therapy, advances in gene editing technology, such as CRISPR-Cas9, are expected to allow for greater precision and efficiency in gene modification. Research on gene therapy vectors is expected to enhance the delivery capacity and safety of treatments. New generations of viral and non-viral vectors are being developed that could overcome current limitations and enable more efficient and precise administration of therapeutic genes.


La terapia génica ha logrado avances significativos en el tratamiento de enfermedades genéticas, especialmente en enfermedades raras y monogénicas. Se han desarrollado y aprobado terapias génicas para tratar enfermedades como la atrofia muscular espinal, brindando esperanza a los pacientes y demostrando la eficacia de esta terapia. Actualmente, se están realizando numerosos ensayos clínicos para evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la terapia génica en diversas enfermedades, particularmente en el campo de la neurología pediátrica. Estos estudios están generando datos alentadores y contribuyen al conocimiento sobre cómo mejorar las técnicas de terapia génica. A pesar de los avances, la terapia génica enfrenta desafíos importantes. Es una terapia costosa y técnicamente compleja, lo que limita su accesibilidad. Además, aspectos como la entrega eficiente de genes, la respuesta inmunológica a los vectores y la duración de la respuesta terapéutica requieren mejoras. se está investigando activamente. En cuanto al futuro de la terapia génica, se espera que los avances en tecnología de edición génica, como CRISPR-Cas9, permitan una mayor precisión y eficiencia en la modificación de genes. Se espera que la investigación en vectores de terapia génica mejore la capacidad de entrega y la seguridad de los tratamientos. Se están desarrollando nuevas generaciones de vectores virales y no virales que podrían superar las limitaciones actuales y permitir una administración más eficiente y precisa de genes terapéuticos.


Subject(s)
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal , Neurology , Child , Humans , Genetic Therapy , Gene Editing , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/genetics , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/therapy , Technology
3.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(7)2023 Mar 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37047330

ABSTRACT

Several clinical trials are working on drug development for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD) treatment, and, since the expected increase in dystrophin is relatively subtle, high-sensitivity quantification methods are necessary. There is also a need to quantify dystrophin to reach a definitive diagnosis in individuals with mild BMD, and in female carriers. We developed a method for the quantification of dystrophin in DMD and BMD patients using spectral confocal microscopy. It offers the possibility to capture the whole emission spectrum for any antibody, ensuring the selection of the emission peak and allowing the detection of fluorescent emissions of very low intensities. Fluorescence was evaluated first on manually selected regions of interest (ROIs), proving the usefulness of the methodology. Later, ROI selection was automated to make it operator-independent. The proposed methodology correctly classified patients according to their diagnosis, detected even minimal traces of dystrophin, and the results obtained automatically were statistically comparable to the manual ones. Thus, spectral imaging could be implemented to measure dystrophin expression and it could pave the way for detailed analysis of how its expression relates to the clinical course. Studies could be further expanded to better understand the expression of dystrophin-associated protein complexes (DAPCs).


Subject(s)
Dystrophin , Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne , Humans , Female , Dystrophin/genetics , Dystrophin/metabolism , Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/diagnostic imaging , Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
4.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 82 Suppl 3: 82-88, 2022 Aug 30.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36054864

ABSTRACT

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is characterized by rapidly progressive and generally ascending symmetrical muscle weakness, accompanied by decreased or absent osteotendinous reflexes. The inflammatory process may affect the myelin or the axon. There are 4 clinical forms of GBS: 1) acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, 2) acute motor axonal neuropathy, 3) acute sensory and motor axonal neuropathy, and 4) the Miller-Fisher variant, which is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia, with little muscle weakness. Diagnosis is based on the albumin-cytological dissociation observed at the end of the first week after the onset of symptoms and may persist until the third week, as well as on the specific neurophysiological alterations of each clinical form. The treatment of GBS will depend on the degree of severity, if the patient presents grade IV or less according to the Paradiso scale, it will be treated with Ig IV, if it presents grade V, the use of plasmapheresis and/or immunoadbosorption is recommended. In severe axonal cases, the use of corticosteroid bolus is recommended in initial stages. There is a clinical picture that overlaps GBS and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy related to antibodies against neurophysin and contactin, in this case the appropriate therapy is rituximab.


El síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) se caracteriza por debilidad muscular simétrica rápidamente progresiva y generalmente ascendente, acompañada de disminución o ausencia de reflejos osteotendinosos. El proceso inflamatorio puede afectar a la mielina o al axón. Existen 4 formas clínicas de SGB: 1) polirradiculoneuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria aguda, 2) neuropatía axonal motora aguda, 3) neuropatía axonal sensitiva y motora aguda, y 4) la variante Miller-Fisher, que se caracteriza por oftalmoplejía, ataxia y arreflexia, con escasa debilidad muscular. El diagnóstico se basa en la disociación albúmino-citológica que se observa a final de la primera semana del inicio de los síntomas y puede persistir hasta la tercera semana, así como en las alteraciones neurofisiológicas específicas de cada forma clínica. El tratamiento el SGB, dependerá de la gravedad, si el paciente presenta grado IV o menor según la escala de Paradiso, se tratará con Ig IV, si presenta grado V, se recomienda el uso de plasmaféresis y/o inmunoadbosorción. En los casos axonales graves se recomienda el uso de bolus de corticoides en etapas iniciales. Existe un cuadro clínico que solapa SGB y polineuropatía desmielinizante crónica relacionado con anticuerpos contra neurofisina y contactina, en este caso la terapia adecuada es rituximab.


Subject(s)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome , Muscle Weakness , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/diagnosis , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/drug therapy , Humans , Muscle Weakness/therapy , Plasmapheresis
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