ABSTRACT
Academic achievements by surgical trainees may vary according to the competitiveness of the subspecialty and desirability of the consultant post. Plastic and reconstructive surgery is a competitive specialty. In order to assess the level of achievement of current trainees, we investigated the academic qualifications, publication rates and future research plans of 100 senior house officers in plastic surgery working in units in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Selected results from our survey show that 30% had intercalated degrees, 6% had higher degrees, 58% of trainees had MRCS, 37% had previous plastic surgery experience and 57% had published (range 1-13). We believe this study provides interesting information concerning the current crop of plastic surgery trainees in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This survey may provide a benchmark for consultants to refer to when shortlisting for SHO posts. We also believe it will be of interest to those junior trainees hoping to pursue a career in plastic surgery.
Subject(s)
Clinical Competence , Education, Medical, Graduate , Medical Staff, Hospital/education , Surgery, Plastic/education , Educational Status , Humans , Publishing , Research , Research Design , United KingdomABSTRACT
Recent evidence from our laboratory demonstrates that platelets synthesize numerous proteins in a signal-dependent fashion (Pabla, R., Weyrich, A. S., Dixon, D. A., Bray, P. F., McIntyre, T. M., Prescott, S. M., and Zimmerman, G. A. (1999) J. Cell Biol. 144, 175-184; Weyrich, A. S., Dixon, D. A., Pabla, R., Elstad, M. R., McIntyre, T. M., Prescott, S. M., and Zimmerman, G. A. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 5556-5561). Protein synthesis in platelets is controlled at the translational level; however, the mechanisms of regulation are not known. Here we demonstrate that translation initiation factors are redistributed to mRNA-rich areas in aggregated platelets, an event that induces protein synthesis. Interrogation of cDNA arrays revealed that platelet-derived mRNAs are primarily associated with the cytoskeletal core. In contrast, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), the essential mRNA cap-binding protein that controls global translation rates, is localized in the membrane skeleton and soluble fraction of platelets, physically separated from most mRNAs. Platelet activation redistributes eIF4E to the cytoskeleton and increases interactions of eIF4E with mRNA cap structures. Redistribution of eIF4E to the mRNA-rich cytoskeleton coincides with a marked increase in protein synthesis, a process that is blocked when intracellular actin is disrupted. Additional studies demonstrated that beta(3) integrins are the primary membrane receptor that distributes eIF4E within the cell. These results imply that integrins link receptor-mediated pathways with mRNA-rich cytoskeletal domains and thereby modulate the organization of intracellular translational complexes. They also indicate that the functional status of eIF4E is regulated by its intracellular distribution.
Subject(s)
Blood Platelets/metabolism , Integrins/metabolism , Peptide Initiation Factors/biosynthesis , Protein Biosynthesis , Arachidonic Acid/metabolism , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Cytoskeleton/metabolism , DNA, Complementary/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E , Hemostatics/pharmacology , Humans , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Platelet Aggregation , Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex/metabolism , Protein Binding , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Thrombin/metabolism , Time Factors , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
A simple and computationally efficient model is developed for calculation of slant path atmospheric transmittances in the microwave and millimeter spectral regions. The model deals simultaneously with absorption by oxygen and water vapor. Its accuracy is assessed for a range of atmospheric conditions for spectral intervals corresponding to the channels of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit. The model is found to be very accurate (
