ABSTRACT
Background: Cervical cancer is a highly preventable disease that disproportionally affects women in developing countries with an estimated incidence rate of 33 cases per 100,000 women in Nigeria. Over the year's awareness and uptake of cervical cancer screening services have remained poor in developing countries. Lack of knowledge and poor attitude towards the disease and its risk factors can affect screening practice and development of preventive behaviour for cervical cancer.Aim: This study assessed the level of knowledge and barriers towards cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate students. Methodology: Across-sectional study of 234 female students conducted at Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Nigeria from March 1st to July 30th, 2017. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and screening history of cervical cancer, including barriers to screening. We graded knowledge score into good (≥ 50%) and poor (< 50%). We analysed data with Epi info version 7.1.4. Results: Participants' median age was 21.0 years. The median age of sexual debut was 13.0 years. Overall, 130 (77.4%) respondents had poor knowledge of cervical cancer. Major sources of information were health workers 54(32.1%), friends 22 (13.1%) and Television10 (6.0%). One hundred and sixty-eight (72.1%) were aware of cervical cancer, but only 10(16.1%) have had Pap smear test. Common barriers to cervical cancer screening include not knowing the centres where such services are obtainable 84 (52.9%), unnecessary 29(18.6%), no time 26 (16.7%) and fear of discovering cancer 12 (7.7%). Conclusion: Comprehensive education and awareness creation on the importance/benefits of cervical cancer screening to university students, including centres where such services are provided is critical in improving uptake. Thus, leading to early detection and reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer in Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The antirheumatoid arthritis potential of ethanol and aqueous extracts of seed pod of Copaifera salikounda (SPCS) was evaluated using the chicken collagen/complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats model. Adjuvat-induced rats were treated with varied doses of the extracts (400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight) and with reference drug, indomethacin for 21 days. Antiarthritic evaluation was done through measurement of body weight, paw size, inflammatory makers, hematological parameters, cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation as well as histopathological examinations. Treatment with the ethanol and aqueous extracts of SPCS markedly inhibited the paw size and caused weight gain. The extracts considerably modulated the hematological as well as the antioxidant parameters. Likewise, the extract restored the altered lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory mediators, and inflammatory factors which further accentuate the implication in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Thus, the ethanol and aqueous extracts of SPCS showed a significant antiarthritic activity that was statistically analogous to that of indomethacin. Practical applications Copaifera salikounda (Heckel) has been used in treatment of different ailments including rheumatoid arthritis in folklore medicine. This is the first reported proof of the antiarthritic potential of the seed pod. Oxidative stress has been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis. Ethanol extract of SPCS has been shown to be predominantly rich in phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids which are natural antioxidant. The present study has demonstrated that ethanol and aqueous extracts of SPCS can exert antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects, thus strengthening its antiarthritic potentials.
