[Herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the Novosibirsk Region population amid the COVID-19 pandemic].

AIM: To determine the level of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the Novosibirsk Region population against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The work was carried out in 2 phases: 1) a cross-sectional cohort study performed 28.06- 15.07.2020; 2) longitudinal cohort 3-stage seromonitoring: 1st stage 28.06-15.07.2020; 2nd 14.09-04.10.2020; 3rd 10-30.12.2020 The work was carried out according to a unified methodology developed by Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of St-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, taking into account the recommendations of the WHO. IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein were detected by ELISA using a kit of reagents produced by the SRCMSB (Obolensk) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and other programs. RESULTS: The seroprevalence in the region's population was 9.1% (95% CI 8.0-10.2): maximum in children 14-17 years old (17.6%, 95% CI 12.3-23.9) and persons over 75 years (14.8%, 95% CI 11.4-18.8), minimum among persons 30-39 years old (4.9%, 95% CI 3.0-8.0). Increased rate was noted among the unemployed (15.4%, 95% CI 9.9-17.1) and other individuals (13.0%, 95% CI 8.6-18.5). Seroprevalence was 33.3% (95% CI 16.3-59.0) in COVID-19 convalescents and 19.0% (95% CI 13.9-25.0) in contact persons. More than 94.7% (95% CI 91.2-97.2) of seropositive individuals were asymptomatic. During the serological monitoring, seroprevalence increased from 7.4% (95% CI 6.2-8.9) at 1st stage 1 to 12.4% (95% CI 10.6-14.3) at 2nd , and 31% (95% CI 28.8-33.3) at 3rd stage. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity has not reached the threshold level, this does not exclude exacerbation of the epidemic process.

[PROBLEMS TOWARDS MEASLES ELIMINATION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION].

Introduction of live measles vaccines into daily practice resulted in a pronounced reduction of measles morbidity in many countries, that allowed WHO to develop the measles eradication program. Russian Federation has commenced realization of the eradication program for local measles cases in the country, (measles elimination) in 2002. and had achieved significant success by 2007. For 4 years (2007 -2010) the parameter of measles morbidity in Russian.Federation did not exceed the WHO measles elimination criteria - no more than 1 measles case per 1 million population. However, the situation for measles began to deteriorate from 2011, reflecting the growth of measles morbidity in many regions of the world. The main reason for measles morbidity growth was accumulation of a contingent,of individuals not immunized against measles against the background of internal and external population migration. Under the condition ofconstant maintenance of a high vaccination coverage of the population (above 95%) on thewhole territory of Russia, the objective of measles elimination in the country can be successively met.

[ORNITHOSIS OUTBREAKS AMONG POPULATION OF ORENBURG AND KURGAN RE- GIONS IN 2008-2009].

There have been presented analysis of ornithosis outbreaks among population of Orenburg and Kurgan regions in 2008-2009. Find out factors and conditions that promote conducive of epidemic foci. Have been presented a list of the main preventive measures.

[The epidemiological situation in the Republic of Abkhazia in 2013-2014 and Rospotrebnadzor participation in activities for its stabilization].

Official statistics of Republican SES on infectious diseases are used. The characteristics of the current epidemiological situation in the Republic of Abkhazia is given. The analysis of infectious dis- eases from 2012 to 2014 is presented. It was found that the most widespread infectious diseases are acute respiratory viral and acute intestinal infection. During the analyzed period in the country outbreaks of dysentery, whooping cough and measles were reported. Epidemic threat is the presence of active natu- ral foci of infectious diseases and permanently disadvantaged anthrax points on the territory ofAbkhazia. Activities carried out by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Abkhazia with the help and active participation of Rospotrebnadzor contributed stabilization the epidemiological situation.

[Improving prevention activities of infectious diseases during preparation and holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

The article presents data on the implementation of a set of preventive activities to ensure sanitation and epidemiological welfare during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. The importance of monitoring and evaluation of epidemiological risk, as the basis of formation of preventive measures is noticed. The questions of specific, and nonspecific prevention of infectious diseases, especially the work done during the pre-Olympic period are considered. The importance of specifically developed regulatory basis, and health education are emphasized. The conclusion about the effectiveness of the measures taken, which led to a significant reduction of infectious diseases in the region is made.

[Principle directions for the creation and organization of the system of sanitary-epidemiological safety during the preparations for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

The paper generalizes the experience of formation of protection system against biological threats and ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare during preparation for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi. The basic steps for creating this system, since 2007, participation and role of Rospotrebnadzor in this process are shown. The paper deals with such questions as the governmental and administrative structures with federal agencies interaction, development of a regulatory framework governing the safety system of the Olympic Games, development of algorithms of information exchange and management decisions, biological safety in developing infrastructure in Sochi.

[Epidemiological risk of introduction of dangerous and exotic infectious diseases on the territory of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

To assess the epidemiological risk of introduction of serious infectious diseases in the pre-Olympic period defined list of dangerous and exotic infections and held assessment of potential danger threatening. Initial external information to assess the potential risk of skidding were reports, forecasts, posted on the official websites. The risk of skidding and epidemiological complications conditionally designated as high, moderate and minimal risk importation of measles virus-Rate was considered as high. In confirmation of the forecast for the period of the Olympic Games in Sochi have been registered about 100 cases of measles. Moderate risk of importation was determined for poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus, Lassa fever, cholera, plague, and the minimal--for Dengue fever, yellow fever, the Middle East and respiratory syndrome, diseases caused by viruses Marburg and Ebola. Based on of analysis of previous Olympic Games and subsequent co-events related to the activity of the infectious diseases in the world, mate-cluded that even a slight risk of importation of infectious diseases requires maximum alertness and readiness to conduct adequate epidemiological issues incorporated.

[Operation and interaction peculiarities of diagnostic laboratories involved in providing protection from infectious diseases during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

The experience of the organization and functioning of the laboratory network during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi is considered. Efforts to establish an effective system of laboratory support, the order of work and interaction of diagnostic laboratories involved in diseases control of population during the Olympic Games are analyzed.

[Actual problems of vaccine prophylaxis in the Russian Federation].

The WHO within the framework of extended immunization program assumes a significant increase of the number of vaccine controlled infections by 2020 - 2025 to 27 - 37 including protection from diseases of parasitic etiology. Russia contributes to the international efforts of the WHO to control infections with vaccine prophylaxis. The national calendar of prophylaxis vaccinations currently provides vaccination against 11 infections--tuberculosis, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, measles, rubella, epidemic parotitis, influenza, haemophilus type B infection. Significant progress in reduction of infectious morbidity controlled by means of specific prophylaxis has been made in the country.

[Topical issues of biological safety under current conditions. Part 3. Scientific provision for the national regulation of the biological safety framework in its broad interpretation].

Consequent of investigation concerned with biological safety (BS) framework development in its broad interpretation, reflected in the Russian Federation State Acts, identified have been conceptual entity parameters of the up-to-date broad interpretation of BS, which have formed a part of the developed by the authors system for surveillance (prophylaxis, localization, indication, identification, and diagnostics) and control (prophylaxis, localization, and response/elimination) over the emergency situations of biological (sanitary-epidemiological) character. The System functionality is activated through supplying the content with information data which are concerned with monitoring and control of specific internal and external threats in the sphere of BS provision fixed in the Supplement 2 of the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005), and with the previously characterized nomenclature of hazardous biological factors. The system is designed as a network-based research-and-practice tool for evaluation of the situation in the sphere of BS provision, as well as assessment of efficacy of management decision making as regards BS control and proper State policy implementation. Most of the system elements either directly or indirectly relate to the scope of activities conducted by Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumers Rights Protection and Human Welfare, being substantial argument for allocating coordination functions in the sphere of BS provision to this government agency and consistent with its function as the State Coordinator on IHR (2005). The data collected serve as materials to Draft Federal Law "Concerning biological safety provision of the population".

[Epidemiologic surveillance and prophylaxis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Russian Federation].

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) remains an actual natural-focal non-transmissible infection comprising more than 90% in structure of all the hemorrhagic fevers registered on the territory of Russian Federation. On the whole in multiyear dynamics of HFRS morbidity in Russia a pronounced tendency of growth with an average increase of morbidity of 1.7% per year that is caused by both improvement of clinical and laboratory diagnostics and objective increase of morbidity is noted. Currently a regulatory methodical base for organization of epidemiologic surveillance and prophylaxis of HFRS in Russian Federation is created.

[Means to improvement of epidemiologic control of indication of causative agents of infectious diseases].

The system of indication ofbiological pathogens that exists in our country allows to implement efficacious monitoring of epidemiologic situation, timely detect causative agents of infectious and parasitic diseases in material from humans and environmental samples, conduct their detailed identification and take appropriate means to ensure biosafety of the Russian Federation.

[Conceptual bases of biological safety. Part 1].

Up to date there is a narrow and broad interpretation of the term biological safety (BS) the world over. In the narrow sense it is defined as availability of international regulations applied to diagnostic, manufacturing, or experimental works with pathogenic biological agents (PBA) in accordance with specified levels of biological hazard and BS. In a broader context it has no national, conceptual, terminological or defying basis. Therewith, establishment of this framework has become the core issue of the study. Investigations have revealed that BS should conceptually cover the whole sphere of sanitary-and-epidemiological welfare as well as related fields such as veterinary-sanitary, phytosanitary provision, ecological safety, environmental conditions (occupational, socio-economic and geopolitical infrastructures, ecological system), and be exercised to prevent and control emergency situations (ES) of biological character. It is demonstrated that this type of ES differs from ES in the sphere of public health care of international concern which is formalized in IHR (2005), in the way that it is characterized by high socio-economic and geopolitical significance of the negative influence on human vital activities, comparable with national and international security hazard. Elaborated is the conceptual, terminological and defying toolkit of the BS broad interpretation (27 terms).

[Topical issues of biological safety under current conditions. Part 2. Conceptual, terminological, and definitive framework of biological safety].

In accordance with the established conceptual base for the up-to-date broad interpretation of biological safety, and IHR (2005), developed is the notional, terminological, and definitive framework, comprising 33 elements. Key item of the nomenclature is the biological safety that is identified as population safety (individual, social, national) from direct and (or) human environment mediated (occupational, socio-economic, geopolitical infrastructures, ecological system) exposures to hazardous biological factors. Ultimate objective of the biological safety provision is to prevent and liquidate aftermaths of emergency situations of biological character either of natural or human origin (anthropogenic) arising from direct and indirect impact of the biological threats to the public health compatible with national and international security hazard. Elaborated terminological framework allows for the construction of self-sufficient semantic content for biological safety provision, subject to formalization in legislative, normative and methodological respects and indicative of improvement as regards organizational and structural-functional groundwork of the Russian Federation National chemical and biological safety system, which is to become topical issue of Part 3.

[Poliomyelitis in Tajikistan. Protection of Russia from emergence and spread of wild poliomyelitis virus].

Problem of emergence and spread of poliomyelitis in Russian Federation and neighboring states is examined. Measures taken in Russian Federation to prevent emergence of poliomyelitis cases caused by wild type virus are discussed, as well as treaties and agreements between Russia, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization states regarding epidemiological control of poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis. Measure planned by Federal Service for Surveillance for Protection of Consumers Rights and Human Welfare to prevent emergence of poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis cases in Russian Federation and neighboring countries are presented.

[Epidemiological pattern of scarlet fever in recent years]. / Epidemiologicheskie zakonomernosti skarlatiny v poslednie gody.

During the period of 1953-2001 scarlet fever morbidity level fluctuated from 670.3 to 65.9 per 100,000 of the population in Moscow and from 531.9 to 35.0 per 100,000 of the population of the Russian Federation. In recent years an increased morbidity was more pronounced in Moscow than in the Russian Federation as a whole. Children formed the greater part of scarlet fever patients, the cases of scarlet fever among children in Moscow occurring more often than, on the average, in Russia. As before, annual morbidity among children attending children's institutions was higher 3- to 4-fold than among children brought up at home. This difference was most sharply pronounced among young children during the first two years of their life. In contrast to morbidity observed during previous 20-30 years, a drop in morbidity among children during the first two years of their life was registered, while morbidity level among children aged 3-6 years and 7-14 years increased. Scarlet fever morbidity had a pronounced seasonal (autumn-winter) pattern. In a group of children aged 3-5 years who attended organized groups, on the average, 78.6% of scarlet fever cases fell on seasonal morbidity, the most prolonged one.