Los entrenadores como promotores de la cohesión del equipo / Coaches as promoters of team cohesion / Os treinadores como promotores da coesão de equipa

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue triple: 1) Estudiar las relaciones entre el clima motivacional percibido creado por el entrenador y la cohesión, 2) Poner a prueba un modelo con la siguiente secuencia: dimensiones del clima motivacional percibido -> motivación autodeterminada -> dimensiones de la cohesión, y 3) Estudiar el papel mediador de la motivación autodeterminada entre el clima motivacional percibido y la cohesión. Ochocientos nueve jóvenes jugadores de fútbol (798 chicos y 11 chicas; M = 11.49, DT = 1.16) completaron un paquete de cuestionarios en los que se evaluaban las variables de interés al principio de la temporada. Las correlaciones bivariadas informaron de relaciones positivas entre la percepción del clima de implicación en la tarea y ambas dimensiones de cohesión (tarea y social), mientras que el clima de implicación en el ego presentó correlaciones negativas con la cohesión de tarea. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales informaron que el clima-tarea se asoció positivamente con la motivación autodeterminada, mientras que el clima-ego lo hizo en sentido negativo. La motivación autodeterminada se relacionó de forma positiva tanto con la cohesión de tarea como con la cohesión social. Finalmente, la motivación autodeterminada actuó como mediador parcial entre el clima de implicación en la tarea y ambas dimensiones de la cohesión, y de mediador total entre el clima de implicación en el ego y la cohesión (tarea y social). Se enfatizan las implicaciones de las conductas de los entrenadores para la construcción de la cohesión en los equipos y para el desarrollo de la calidad de la motivación (AU)

The objective of this study was threefold: 1) To determine the links between the perceived coach-created motivational climate and cohesion, 2) To test a model with the following sequence: Dimensions of the perceived coach-created motivational climate ->self-determined motivation -> Dimensions of cohesion, and 3) To examine the meditational role of self-determined motivation in the relationship between perceived coach-created motivational climate and cohesion. Eight hundred and night young footballers (789 boys and 11 girls; M age = 11.49 ± 1.16) completed a package of questionnaires assessing the variables of interest at the beginning of the season. Bivariate correlations revealed positive relations between perceptions of a task-involving climate and both task and social cohesion, while perceived ego-involving climate was negatively related to task cohesion. Structural equation modeling revealed perceptions of a task involving climate and ego involving climate were positively and negatively, respectively, related to self-determined motivation. Self-determined motivation was positively related with both task cohesion and social cohesion. Finally, self-determined motivation partially mediated the relationships between perceptions of a task involving climate and both dimensions of cohesion (task and social). Total mediation, however, was supported in the case of perceived ego involving climate and task and social cohesion. The implications of coach behaviours for team cohesion building and players quality of motivation are emphasized (AU)

O objectivo do presente trabalho foi triplo: 1) Estudar as relações entre o clima motivacional percebido criado pelo treinador e a coesão, 2) Testar um modelo com a seguinte sequência: dimensões do clima motivacional percebido -> motivação autodeterminada -> dimensões da coesão, e 3) Estudar o papel mediador da motivação autodeterminada entre o clima motivacional percebido e a coesão. Participaram no estudo oitocentos e nove jovens jogadores de futebol (798 rapazes e 11 raparigas; M = 11.49, DP = 1.16) que preencheram uma bateria de questionários nos quais se avaliavam as variáveis de interesse no início da temporada. As correlações bivariadas revelam relações positivas entre a percepção de clima de implicação na tarefa e ambas as dimensões da coesão (tarefa e social), enquanto que o clima de implicação no ego apresentou correlações negativas com a coesão de tarefa. Os resultados dos modelos de equações estruturais revelam que o clima-tarefa se associou positivamente com a motivação autodeterminada, enquanto que o clima-ego se relacionou no sentido oposto. A motivação autodeterminada relacionou-se de forma positiva tanto com a coesão de tarefa como com a coesão social. Por último, a motivação autodeterminada actuou como mediador parcial entre o clima de implicação na tarefa e ambas as dimensões da coesão, e como mediador total entre o clima de implicação no ego e a coesão (tarefa e social). Enfatizam-se as implicações dos comportamentos dos treinadores para a construção da coesão nas equipas e para o desenvolvimento da qualidade da motivação (AU)

Coaches' interpersonal style, basic psychological needs and the well- and ill-being of young soccer players: a longitudinal analysis.

This study entailed a longitudinal test of basic psychological needs theory, a sub-theory in the self-determination framework (Deci & Ryan, 2000), in young soccer players. We examined whether changes in soccer players' perceptions of the coaches' interpersonal style (autonomy supportive and controlling) predicted changes in the players' need satisfaction/need thwarting, and in turn, variability in their reported subjective vitality and burnout over the course of a season. Young male soccer players (M = 12.58 ± 0.54 years) completed a questionnaire at two time points in the season [n(T1) = 725; n(T2) = 597]. Changes in the players' perceptions of an autonomy supportive environment significantly predicted changes in psychological need satisfaction (positively) and in psychological need thwarting (negatively). Changes in psychological need satisfaction positively predicted changes in subjective vitality and negatively related to cross-time variation in global burnout scores. In contrast, changes in the players' perceptions of a controlling coach-created environment were positively associated with changes in psychological need thwarting that corresponded to increases in player burnout. Finally, results provided support for the assumed mediational roles of psychological need satisfaction and need thwarting in the social environment to well- and ill-being relationships.

Estilo interpersonal controlador del entrenador, frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y burnout en futbolistas infantiles / Controlling Coach Interpersonal Style, Basic Psychological Need Thwarting, and Burnout in Young Soccer Players

En el presente trabajo, basado en la Teoría de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (BPNT; Deci y Ryan, 2000), se puso a prueba un modelo con la siguiente secuencia: Estilo interpersonal controlador del entrenador Þ Frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas Þ Burnout. Participaron725 futbolistas varones de la categoría infantil con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 13 años (M = 12.6; DT = .54) que completaron los instrumentos que evaluaban las variables de interés. Los resultados del análisis de ecuaciones estructurales informaron que la percepción del estilo controlador del entrenador actuaba de predictor positivo de la frustración de las tres necesidades y que cada una de estas tres últimas, se asociaba positivamente con el burnout (AU)

Based on the basic psychological needs theory (BPNT; Deci &Ryan, 2000), in the present study a model with the following sequence was tested: controlling interpersonal coaching style Þ basic psychological need thwarting Þ burnout. Participants were 725 young male soccer players from category under 14 years old (Infantil), aged between 11 and 13 (M =12.6; SD = .54) that completed the questionnaires tapping the variables of interest. Results of structural equation analyses informed that perception of a controlling interpersonal coaching style was a positive predictor of need thwarting for competence, autonomy and relatedness; thwarting for these three needs were positively associated with burnout (AU)