ABSTRACT
The mucilage of the jaracatiá fruit (Carica quercifolia (A. St. Hil.) Hieron) was extracted and for physicochemical characterization. The monosaccharide composition showed the presence of Rha, Ara, Xyl, Gal, Glc and GalA, being confirmed by GC-MS, FTIR and NMR. The mucilage was obtained in crude form by lyophilization of the extract and by precipitation, a process that resulted in a partial purification. Although not remarkable, it showed an antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated an easy handling at temperatures below 250°C. The natural reactivity of the material indicates for uses such as adsorbent or raw material for membranes.
Subject(s)
Carica/chemistry , Plant Mucilage/isolation & purification , Plant Mucilage/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Chemical Precipitation , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Monosaccharides/analysis , Polysaccharides/analysis , Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , TemperatureABSTRACT
This work investigated the production of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) from soybean oil using n-hexane as solvent and two commercial lipases as catalysts, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme IM. A Taguchi experimental design was adopted considering the variables temperature (35-65 degrees C), addition of water (0-10 wt/wt%), enzyme (5-20 wt/wt%) concentration, and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:3-1:10). It is shown that complete conversion in FAEE is achieved for some experimental conditions. The effects of process variables on reaction conversion and kinetics of the enzymatic reactions are presented for all experimental conditions investigated in the factorial design.
Subject(s)
Alcohols/chemistry , Fatty Acids/chemical synthesis , Hexanes/chemistry , Lipase/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Soybean Oil/chemistry , Enzyme Activation , Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry , Esters , Fungal Proteins , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , SolutionsABSTRACT
This article reports experimental data on the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from refined and degummed soybean oil and castor oil using NaOH as catalyst. The variables investigated were temperature (30-70 degrees C), reaction time (1-3 h), catalyst concentration (0.5-1.5 w/wt%), and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:3-1:9). The effects of process variables on the reaction conversion as well as the optimum experimental conditions are presented. The results show that conversions >95% were achieved for all systems investigated. In general, an increase in reaction temperature, reaction time, and in oil-to-ethanol molar ratio led to an enhancement in reaction conversion, whereas an opposite trend was verified with respect to catalyst concentration.
Subject(s)
Castor Oil/chemistry , Ethanol/chemistry , Fatty Acids/chemical synthesis , Sodium Hydroxide/chemistry , Soybean Oil/chemistry , Alkalies/chemistry , Catalysis , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Esterification , Esters , Gasoline , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , TemperatureABSTRACT
We studied the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from castor oil using n-hexane as solvent and two commercial lipases, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme IM, as catalysts. For this purpose, a Taguchi experimental design was adopted considering the following variables: temperature (35-65 degrees C), water (0-10 wt/wt%), and enzyme (5-20 wt/wt%) concentrations and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:3 to 1:10). An empirical model was then built so as to assess the main and cross-variable effects on the reaction conversion and also to maximize biodiesel production for each enzyme. For the system containing Novozym 435 as catalyst the maximum conversion obtained was 81.4% at 65 degrees C, enzyme concentration of 20 wt/wt%, water concentration of 0 wt/wt%, and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio of 1:10. When the catalyst was Lipozyme IM, a conversion as high as 98% was obtained at 65 degrees C, enzyme concentration of 20 wt/wt%, water concentration of 0 wt/wt%, and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio of 1:3.
