Mitigating the negative impact of new buildings on existing buildings' user comfort-a case study analysis.

Campus master plans are released every few years for developing and implementing its physical infrastructure. Open spaces, compactness, connectivity, greenness, and environmental impact have often been the focus on its framework. In particular, the effect of new building development on existing buildings' occupant comfort and design intent is mostly ignored. Providing guidelines to retain existing users' comfort for stakeholders involved in design decision making will result in improved design decisions. Hence, this research aims to provide a work methodology to mitigate the adverse effects of new buildings on existing buildings' user comfort through a case study at Carleton University. The case study shows a methodology to retain the existing users' comfort by analyzing Carleton University's master plan on massing studies, occupant survey to understand their comfort needs, performance analysis of the impact of the new building on the existing building user comfort. The analysis reveals the key parameters to consider in design for occupants' comfort. Finally, the research reinforces the generative design and the need for dynamic modeling in campus master plans to mitigate the negative implications of new development on occupants' comfort.

The Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Patients Older than 50 Years with Distal Radius Fractures in an Institutional Registry of 2,572 Patients in Singapore.

Background: The distal radius is one of the common sites for fragility fractures. A fracture of the distal radius in the elderly is often associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). It is an early predictor of osteoporosis and increased risk of subsequent fragility fractures of the hip and the spine with greater morbidity. Osteoporosis is becoming an increasing cause for concern in the elderly population. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in patients aged 50 years and above with distal radius fractures in our local population. Methods: This is a retrospective study of all patients aged 50 years and above who were treated for a distal radius fracture at our institution over a 4-year period. Data regarding gender, mechanism of injury (low or high energy), and outcome of BMD scans were collected. The data were analyzed to look at the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia and the relation amongst BMD, gender, and the mechanism of injury. Results: About 2,572 patients aged 50 years and above were treated at our institution over a 4-year period from 2013 to 2016. The average age of the patients was 67.7 years old and 1,938 (75.3%) were women. A total of 1,034 patients had BMD scans and of these 56.0% had osteoporosis and 37.4% had osteopenia. There was no correlation between the prevalence of osteoporosis and gender or the mechanism of injury. Conclusions: The prevalence of osteoporosis in patients aged 50 and above with distal radius fractures is a significant cause for concern in Singapore. Routine assessment for osteoporosis is recommended for all patients above 50 years old with distal radius fractures. Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic).

[Factors influencing induction and in vitro culture of hairy roots in Phytolacca americana L.]

To use hairy roots for producing medicinal ingredients of Phytolacca americana L. we studied the factors influencing the induction and in vitro culture. Hairy roots could be incited from the veins of cut surface (morphological lower) of P. americana L. leaf explants around 18 days after infection with the strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. The highest rooting rate, 70%, was obtained when leaf explants were pre-cultured for 1 day, infected for 20 min, and co-cultured for 4 days. The transformation was confirmed by PCR amplification of rolC of Ri plasmid and silica gel thin-layer chromatography of opines from P. americana L. hairy roots. All the hairy root lines could grow rapidly on solid exogenous phytohormone-free MS medium. Among the 9 hairy root lines, the hairy root line 2 had most rapid growth, most branched lateral roots and most intensive root hair; the root surface of some hairy root lines seemed purple or red, while that of the other hairy root line appeared white. Among liquid media MS, 1/2MS, B5 and 6,7-V tested, the best growth for hairy root lines was attained in liquid exogenous phytohormone-free MS medium. Compared with exogenous phytohormone-free MS medium, 6,7-V medium was better for synthesis and accumulation of esculento side A in hairy roots. The established optimal conditions for induction and in vitro culture of P. americana hairy roots had laid an experimental and technological foundation for production of medicinal constituents esculento side A from large scale culture of hairy roots.

Factors influencing induction and in vitro culture of hairy roots in Phytolacca americana L / 生物工程学报

To use hairy roots for producing medicinal ingredients of Phytolacca americana L. we studied the factors influencing the induction and in vitro culture. Hairy roots could be incited from the veins of cut surface (morphological lower) of P. americana L. leaf explants around 18 days after infection with the strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. The highest rooting rate, 70%, was obtained when leaf explants were pre-cultured for 1 day, infected for 20 min, and co-cultured for 4 days. The transformation was confirmed by PCR amplification of rolC of Ri plasmid and silica gel thin-layer chromatography of opines from P. americana L. hairy roots. All the hairy root lines could grow rapidly on solid exogenous phytohormone-free MS medium. Among the 9 hairy root lines, the hairy root line 2 had most rapid growth, most branched lateral roots and most intensive root hair; the root surface of some hairy root lines seemed purple or red, while that of the other hairy root line appeared white. Among liquid media MS, 1/2MS, B5 and 6,7-V tested, the best growth for hairy root lines was attained in liquid exogenous phytohormone-free MS medium. Compared with exogenous phytohormone-free MS medium, 6,7-V medium was better for synthesis and accumulation of esculento side A in hairy roots. The established optimal conditions for induction and in vitro culture of P. americana hairy roots had laid an experimental and technological foundation for production of medicinal constituents esculento side A from large scale culture of hairy roots.

[Induction of polyploid hairy roots and its plant regeneration in Pogostemon cablin].

Abstract: In order to enhance the content of secondary metabolites patchouli alcohol in Pogostemon cablin, we induced polyploid hairy roots and their plant regeneration, and determined the content of patchouli alcohol through artificial chromosome doubling with colchicine. The highest rate of polyploidy induction was more than 40% when hairy roots were treated with 0.05% colchicine for 36 h. The obtained polyploid hairy roots formed adventitious shoots when cultured in an MS medium with 6-BA 0.2 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L for 60 d. Compared with the control diploid plants, the polyploid hairy root-regenerated plants of P. cablin had more developed root systems, thicker stems, shorter internodes and longer, wider and thicker leaves. Observation of the chromosome number in their root tip cells reveals that the obtained polyploid regenerated plants were tetraploidy, with 128 (4n = 128) chromosomes. The leaves contained around twice as many stomatal guard cells and chloroplasts as the controls, but the stomatal density declined with increasing ploidy. The stomatal density in diploid plants was around 1.67 times of that in polyploid plants. GC-MS analysis shows that the content of patchouli alcholol in the hairy root-derived polyploid plants was about 4.25 mg/g dry weight, which was 2.3 times of that in diploid plants. The present study demonstrates that polyploidization of hairy roots can stimulate the content of patchouli alcholol in medicinal plant of P. cablin.

[Induction of polyploid in hairy roots of Nicotiana tabacum and its plant regeneration].

By genetic transformation with Agrobacterum rhizogenes and artificial chromosome doubling techniques, we studied the induction of hairy roots and their polyploidization, and subsequent plant regeneration and nicotine determination to enhance the content of nicotine in Nicotiana tabacum. The results show that hairy roots could be induced from the basal surface of leaf explants of N. tabacum 8 days after inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. The percentage of the rooting leaf explants was 100% 15 days after inoculation. The hairy roots could grow rapidly and autonomously on solid or liquid phytohormones-free MS medium. The transformation was confirmed by PCR amplification of rol gene of Ri plasmid and paper electrophoresis of opines from N. tabacum hairy roots. The highest rate of polyploidy induction, more than 64.71%, was obtained after treatment of hairy roots with 0.1% colchicine for 36 h. The optimum medium for plant regeneration from polyploid hairy roots was MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA +0.2 mg/L NAA. Compared with the control diploid plants, the hairy roots-regenerated plants had weak apical dominance, more axillary buds and more narrow leaves; whereas the polyploid hairy root-regenerated plants had thicker stems, shorter internodes and the colour, width and thickness of leaves were significantly higher than that of the control. Observation of the number of chromosomes in their root tip cells reveals that the obtained polyploid regenerated plants were tetraploidy, with 96 (4n = 96) chromosomes. Pot-grown experiments showed compared to the control, the flowering was delayed by 21 days in diploid hairy roots-regenerated plants and polyploid hairy root-regenerated plants. GC-MS detection shows that the content of nicotine in polyploid plants was about 6.90 and 4.57 times the control and the diploid hairy roots-regenerated plants, respectively.

Predicting glycerophosphoinositol identities in lipidomic datasets using VaLID (Visualization and Phospholipid Identification)--an online bioinformatic search engine.

The capacity to predict and visualize all theoretically possible glycerophospholipid molecular identities present in lipidomic datasets is currently limited. To address this issue, we expanded the search-engine and compositional databases of the online Visualization and Phospholipid Identification (VaLID) bioinformatic tool to include the glycerophosphoinositol superfamily. VaLID v1.0.0 originally allowed exact and average mass libraries of 736,584 individual species from eight phospholipid classes: glycerophosphates, glyceropyrophosphates, glycerophosphocholines, glycerophosphoethanolamines, glycerophosphoglycerols, glycerophosphoglycerophosphates, glycerophosphoserines, and cytidine 5'-diphosphate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols to be searched for any mass to charge value (with adjustable tolerance levels) under a variety of mass spectrometry conditions. Here, we describe an update that now includes all possible glycerophosphoinositols, glycerophosphoinositol monophosphates, glycerophosphoinositol bisphosphates, and glycerophosphoinositol trisphosphates. This update expands the total number of lipid species represented in the VaLID v2.0.0 database to 1,473,168 phospholipids. Each phospholipid can be generated in skeletal representation. A subset of species curated by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics (CTPNL) team is provided as an array of high-resolution structures. VaLID is freely available and responds to all users through the CTPNL resources web site.

Induction of polyploid hairy roots and its plant regeneration in Pogostemon cablin / 生物工程学报

Abstract: In order to enhance the content of secondary metabolites patchouli alcohol in Pogostemon cablin, we induced polyploid hairy roots and their plant regeneration, and determined the content of patchouli alcohol through artificial chromosome doubling with colchicine. The highest rate of polyploidy induction was more than 40% when hairy roots were treated with 0.05% colchicine for 36 h. The obtained polyploid hairy roots formed adventitious shoots when cultured in an MS medium with 6-BA 0.2 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L for 60 d. Compared with the control diploid plants, the polyploid hairy root-regenerated plants of P. cablin had more developed root systems, thicker stems, shorter internodes and longer, wider and thicker leaves. Observation of the chromosome number in their root tip cells reveals that the obtained polyploid regenerated plants were tetraploidy, with 128 (4n = 128) chromosomes. The leaves contained around twice as many stomatal guard cells and chloroplasts as the controls, but the stomatal density declined with increasing ploidy. The stomatal density in diploid plants was around 1.67 times of that in polyploid plants. GC-MS analysis shows that the content of patchouli alcholol in the hairy root-derived polyploid plants was about 4.25 mg/g dry weight, which was 2.3 times of that in diploid plants. The present study demonstrates that polyploidization of hairy roots can stimulate the content of patchouli alcholol in medicinal plant of P. cablin.

Induction of polyploid in hairy roots of Nicotiana tabacum and its plant regeneration / 生物工程学报

By genetic transformation with Agrobacterum rhizogenes and artificial chromosome doubling techniques, we studied the induction of hairy roots and their polyploidization, and subsequent plant regeneration and nicotine determination to enhance the content of nicotine in Nicotiana tabacum. The results show that hairy roots could be induced from the basal surface of leaf explants of N. tabacum 8 days after inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. The percentage of the rooting leaf explants was 100% 15 days after inoculation. The hairy roots could grow rapidly and autonomously on solid or liquid phytohormones-free MS medium. The transformation was confirmed by PCR amplification of rol gene of Ri plasmid and paper electrophoresis of opines from N. tabacum hairy roots. The highest rate of polyploidy induction, more than 64.71%, was obtained after treatment of hairy roots with 0.1% colchicine for 36 h. The optimum medium for plant regeneration from polyploid hairy roots was MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA +0.2 mg/L NAA. Compared with the control diploid plants, the hairy roots-regenerated plants had weak apical dominance, more axillary buds and more narrow leaves; whereas the polyploid hairy root-regenerated plants had thicker stems, shorter internodes and the colour, width and thickness of leaves were significantly higher than that of the control. Observation of the number of chromosomes in their root tip cells reveals that the obtained polyploid regenerated plants were tetraploidy, with 96 (4n = 96) chromosomes. Pot-grown experiments showed compared to the control, the flowering was delayed by 21 days in diploid hairy roots-regenerated plants and polyploid hairy root-regenerated plants. GC-MS detection shows that the content of nicotine in polyploid plants was about 6.90 and 4.57 times the control and the diploid hairy roots-regenerated plants, respectively.

Targeted lipidomics - advances in profiling lysophosphocholine and platelet-activating factor second messengers.

Glycerophosphocholines are the major building blocks of biological membranes. They are also precursors of low-molecular-weight second messengers with mass to charge ratios of 450-600. These messengers include lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and lyso-platelet activating factors (PAFs) that may be further processed into PAFs. Often considered as a single species, LPCs, PAFs and lyso-PAFs are, in fact, families of glycerophosphocholine-derived lipids distinguished by the linkage of their sn-1 carbon chains to the phosphoglyceride backbone (ester or ether), their sn-1 carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation, and the identity of their sn-2 constituents (a hydroxyl or acetyl group). Each LPC and PAF species exhibits a different affinity for its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors, and each species elicits receptor-independent actions that play critical signalling roles. Targeted mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches are enabling the molecular identification and quantification of these low-abundance second messengers. Variations between datasets map the temporal landscape of second messengers available for signalling, and provide snapshots of the state of structural membrane compositional remodelling at the time of extraction. Here, we review a number of advances in lipidomic methodologies used to identify LPCs, lyso-PAFs and PAFs, and highlight how these targeted approaches are providing valuable insight into the roles played by the cellular lipidome in cell function and disease susceptibility.

Using neurolipidomics to identify phospholipid mediators of synaptic (dys)function in Alzheimer's Disease.

Not all of the mysteries of life lie in our genetic code. Some can be found buried in our membranes. These shells of fat, sculpted in the central nervous system into the cellular (and subcellular) boundaries of neurons and glia, are themselves complex systems of information. The diversity of neural phospholipids, coupled with their chameleon-like capacity to transmute into bioactive molecules, provides a vast repertoire of immediate response second messengers. The effects of compositional changes on synaptic function have only begun to be appreciated. Here, we mined 29 neurolipidomic datasets for changes in neuronal membrane phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Three overarching metabolic disturbances were detected. We found that an increase in the hydrolysis of platelet activating factor precursors and ethanolamine-containing plasmalogens, coupled with a failure to regenerate relatively rare alkyl-acyl and alkenyl-acyl structural phospholipids, correlated with disease severity. Accumulation of specific bioactive metabolites [i.e., PC(O-16:0/2:0) and PE(P-16:0/0:0)] was associated with aggravating tau pathology, enhancing vesicular release, and signaling neuronal loss. Finally, depletion of PI(16:0/20:4), PI(16:0/22:6), and PI(18:0/22:6) was implicated in accelerating Aß42 biogenesis. Our analysis further suggested that converging disruptions in platelet activating factor, plasmalogen, phosphoinositol, phosphoethanolamine (PE), and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism may contribute mechanistically to catastrophic vesicular depletion, impaired receptor trafficking, and morphological dendritic deformation. Together, this analysis supports an emerging hypothesis that aberrant phospholipid metabolism may be one of multiple critical determinants required for Alzheimer disease conversion.

Platelet activating factors in depression and coronary artery disease: a potential biomarker related to inflammatory mechanisms and neurodegeneration.

The persistence of a depressive episode in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients not only heightens the risk of acute ischemic events, but it is also associated with accelerated cognitive decline. Antidepressant interventions for depression in CAD have only modest effects and novel approaches are limited by a poor understanding of etiological mechanisms. This review proposes that the platelet activating factor (PAF) family of lipids might be associated with the persistence of a depressive episode and related neurodegenerative pathology in CAD due to their association with leading etiological mechanisms for depression in CAD such as inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and platelet reactivity. The evidence implicating PAFs in CAD, vascular pathology, and neurodegenerative processes is also presented. We also propose future directions for the investigation of PAFs as mediators of persistent depression. In summary, PAFs are implicated in leading mechanisms associated with depression in CAD. PAFs may therefore be associated with the persistence of depression in CAD and related to neurodegenerative and cognitive sequelae.

Visualization and Phospholipid Identification (VaLID): online integrated search engine capable of identifying and visualizing glycerophospholipids with given mass.

MOTIVATION: Establishing phospholipid identities in large lipidomic datasets is a labour-intensive process. Where genomics and proteomics capitalize on sequence-based signatures, glycerophospholipids lack easily definable molecular fingerprints. Carbon chain length, degree of unsaturation, linkage, and polar head group identity must be calculated from mass to charge (m/z) ratios under defined mass spectrometry (MS) conditions. Given increasing MS sensitivity, many m/z values are not represented in existing prediction engines. To address this need, Visualization and Phospholipid Identification is a web-based application that returns all theoretically possible phospholipids for any m/z value and MS condition. Visualization algorithms produce multiple chemical structure files for each species. Curated lipids detected by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics are provided as high-resolution structures. AVAILABILITY: VaLID is available through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics resources web site at https://www.med.uottawa.ca/lipidomics/resources.html. CONTACTS: lipawrd@uottawa.ca SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification.

A rapid means of assessing reproductive status in rodents is useful not only in the study of reproductive dysfunction but is also required for the production of new mouse models of disease and investigations into the hormonal regulation of tissue degeneration (or regeneration) following pathological challenge. The murine reproductive (or estrous) cycle is divided into 4 stages: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. Defined fluctuations in circulating levels of the ovarian steroids 17-ß-estradiol and progesterone, the gonadotropins luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones, and the luteotropic hormone prolactin signal transition through these reproductive stages. Changes in cell typology within the murine vaginal canal reflect these underlying endocrine events. Daily assessment of the relative ratio of nucleated epithelial cells, cornified squamous epithelial cells, and leukocytes present in vaginal smears can be used to identify murine estrous stages. The degree of invasiveness, however, employed in collecting these samples can alter reproductive status and elicit an inflammatory response that can confound cytological assessment of smears. Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive protocol that can be used to determine the stage of the estrous cycle of a female mouse without altering her reproductive cycle. We detail how to differentiate between the four stages of the estrous cycle by collection and analysis of predominant cell typology in vaginal smears and we show how these changes can be interpreted with respect to endocrine status.

Localizing protein in 3D neural stem cell culture: a hybrid visualization methodology.

The importance of 3-dimensional (3D) topography in influencing neural stem and progenitor cell (NPC) phenotype is widely acknowledged yet challenging to study. When dissociated from embryonic or post-natal brain, single NPCs will proliferate in suspension to form neurospheres. Daughter cells within these cultures spontaneously adopt distinct developmental lineages (neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes) over the course of expansion despite being exposed to the same extracellular milieu. This progression recapitulates many of the stages observed over the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in post-natal brain and is often used to study basic NPC biology within a controlled environment. Assessing the full impact of 3D topography and cellular positioning within these cultures on NPC fate is, however, difficult. To localize target proteins and identify NPC lineages by immunocytochemistry, free-floating neurospheres must be plated on a substrate or serially sectioned. This processing is required to ensure equivalent cell permeabilization and antibody access throughout the sphere. As a result, 2D epifluorescent images of cryosections or confocal reconstructions of 3D Z-stacks can only provide spatial information about cell position within discrete physical or digital 3D slices and do not visualize cellular position in the intact sphere. Here, to reiterate the topography of the neurosphere culture and permit spatial analysis of protein expression throughout the entire culture, we present a protocol for isolation, expansion, and serial sectioning of post-natal hippocampal neurospheres suitable for epifluorescent or confocal immunodetection of target proteins. Connexin29 (Cx29) is analyzed as an example. Next, using a hybrid of graphic editing and 3D modelling softwares rigorously applied to maintain biological detail, we describe how to re-assemble the 3D structural positioning of these images and digitally map labelled cells within the complete neurosphere. This methodology enables visualization and analysis of the cellular position of target proteins and cells throughout the entire 3D culture topography and will facilitate a more detailed analysis of the spatial relationships between cells over the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in vitro.