Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study.

Globally, chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has been recognized as an emerging cause contributing to the rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nevertheless, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the epidemiology of CKDu remains understudied. The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the CKDu population. From May 2021 to May 2022, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with Stage 4-5 CKD who presented to King Fahd Hospital in Jeddah. On the basis of the cause of CKD, patients were categorized into two groups: those with traditional risk factors for CKD (CKDt) and those without a recognizable cause of CKD (CKDu). Out of a total of 500 patients with Stage 4-5 CKD who were enrolled in the study, 100 patients were found to have CKDu. Compared with the 400 patients with CKDt, the patients in the CKDu group were younger (a mean age of 52.3 years vs. 66.1 years, P <0.001), with the majority in the middle age group of 40-65 years old (68% vs. 43%, P <0.001). They were predominantly males (72% vs. 56%, P = 0.003), with less hyperkalemia (4.29 vs. 5.13, P <0.043), and presented without a previous history of CKD (57% vs. 31%, P = 0.001). Among the 500 patients who were studied, 100 patients (20%) presented with CKDu who were predominantly younger males without a known history of CKD. Further studies on a nationwide scale are warranted.

The Reality of Inadequate Patient Care and the Need for a Global Action Framework in Organ Donation and Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Transplant therapy is considered the best and often the only available treatment for thousands of patients with organ failure that results from communicable and noncommunicable diseases. The number of annual organ transplants is insufficient for the worldwide need. METHODS: We elaborate the proceedings of the workshop entitled "The Role of Science in the Development of International Standards of Organ Donation and Transplantation," organized by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and cosponsored by the World Health Organization in June 2021. RESULTS: We detail the urgency and importance of achieving national self-sufficiency in organ transplantation as a public health priority and an important contributor to reaching relevant targets of the United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development. It details the elements of a global action framework intended for countries at every level of economic development to facilitate either the establishment or enhancement of transplant activity. It sets forth a proposed plan, by addressing the technical considerations for developing and optimizing organ transplantation from both deceased and living organ donors and the regulatory oversight of practices. CONCLUSIONS: This document can be used in governmental and policy circles as a call to action and as a checklist for actions needed to enable organ transplantation as treatment for organ failure.

Cost Consequence Analysis of the Management of Hyperkalemia by Patiromer and Optimization of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia.

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) have been shown to improve outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients but are associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia in this vulnerable population. Hyperkalemia often leads to patients' downtitrating or discontinuing RAASi which can result in sub-optimal health outcomes. The objective is to evaluate the cost and health benefits of maintaining normokalemia using patiromer, an oral potassium binder while optimizing RAASi therapy in CKD patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The medium-to long-term costs and health outcomes of patients with CKD stage 3-4 and raised serum potassium levels (≥5.5 mmol/L) at baseline were estimated, from a Saudi Arabia payer perspective, using a Markov state-transition model simulating the natural progression of CKD depending on patients' serum potassium level and usage of RAASi at different dosages. The analysis demonstrated that appropriate management of hyperkalemia, enabling optimization of RAASi, leads to cost and health benefits. The cost of patiromer is offset by 68% due to a reduction in management costs associated with CKD progression, hyperkalemia-related hospitalization, and cardiovascular (CV) events. Over a 10-year time horizon, a pool of 300 patients treated with patiromer experience increased life-expectancy [+3.78 life-years (LYs)] and slower disease progression, with decreased time spent in end-stage renal disease (-9.59 LYs). Patiromer may deliver value to both CKD patients and payers in Saudi Arabia, leading to better health outcomes for the former and reduced cost of management of CKD progression and CV events at low additional costs for the latter.

Development, Implementation, Evaluation, and Long-Term Outcome of a Program to Increase Student Interest in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Training.

OBJECTIVES: The increasing need for anesthetists has been coupled with a rising number of open training positions. Thus, there is an increased need to attract future anesthetists among students and graduates from medical universities. Using results from a questionnaire, we designed an information and training program to increase interest in anesthesia and intensive care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With the use of semistructured interviews, medical students were questioned about factors influencing their decision for a speciality. We used the results to design an information and practice program for students and young doctors. This program was held 12 times at different anesthesia departments in different hospitals. Evaluation was obtained through a feedback questionnaire at the end of each sessions and with another questionnaire 2 to 4 years after the program. RESULTS: Feedback showed positive responses concerning utility for practical work, actuality, and relevance for daily practical work. There was a 22.7% response from participants for the follow-up questionnaire. Of these, 87% stated that interest in anesthesia was increased by the program, and 74% underwent practical training in an anesthesia department. Seventeen participants started a speciality training for anesthesia and intensive care medicine. CONCLUSIONS: The design of this practice-oriented program was effective in eliciting, spreading, and increasing interest and attracting students to a medical specialty.

Kt/V: achievement, predictors and relationship to mortality in hemodialysis patients in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: results from DOPPS (2012-18).

BACKGROUND: Dialysis adequacy, as measured by single pool Kt/V, is an important parameter for assessing hemodialysis (HD) patients' health. Guidelines have recommended Kt/V of 1.2 as the minimum dose for thrice-weekly HD. We describe Kt/V achievement, its predictors and its relationship with mortality in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates). METHODS: We analyzed data (2012-18) from the prospective cohort Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study for 1544 GCC patients ≥18 years old and on dialysis >180 days. RESULTS: Thirty-four percent of GCC HD patients had low Kt/V (<1.2) versus 5%-17% in Canada, Europe, Japan and the USA. Across the GCC countries, low Kt/V prevalence ranged from 10% to 54%. In multivariable logistic regression, low Kt/V was more common (P < 0.05) with larger body weight and height, being male, shorter treatment time (TT), lower blood flow rate (BFR), greater comorbidity burden and using HD versus hemodiafiltration. In adjusted Cox models, low Kt/V was strongly related to higher mortality in women [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-3.34] but not in men (HR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.70-1.92). Low BFR (<350 mL/min) and TT (<4 h) were common; 41% of low Kt/V cases were attributable to low BFR or TT (52% for women and 36% for men). CONCLUSION: Relatively large proportions of GCC HD patients have low Kt/V. Increasing BFR to ≥350 mL/min and TT to ≥4 h thrice weekly will reduce low Kt/V prevalence and may improve survival in GCC HD patients-particularly among women.

Purple urine bag syndrome.

Purple urine bag syndrome is very rare in which urine color changes, and it becomes purple. This occurs when patients with a urinary catheter are bedridden, and suffer from urinary tract infection caused by specific organisms.

Aldosterone renin ratio and chronic kidney disease.

As a component of the metabolic syndrome, hypertension (HTN) is increasing throughout the world with variable percentages, but mostly among developing world. Aldosterone plays a role in the relationship between aldosterone and nephropathy. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between aldosterone renin ratio (ARR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Variables drawn from the computerized hospital information database were all patients who had an ARR above 35 (if aldosterone reading was above 300 pmol/L). A total of 1584 patients, of whom 777 were male and 807 were female, with a mean [standard deviation (SD)] of 43.3 (16.5) years were studied. The mean ARR was 210.1 (SD: 246.4) in males and 214.3 and 210.1 in females, P = 0.51. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 50.2 (SD 12.6); in males, it was 49.99 (0.90) and in females, it was 50.48 (0.92), P = 0.70. The regression model revealed a negative relationship between ARR and GFR with a coefficient of -2.08, 95% confidence interval: -4.6, 0.21, P = 0.07. CKD population with HTN tends to have a very high level of ARR, and those with advanced CKD have higher ARR. However, high ARR could have low eGFR and kidney dysfunction on follow-up. In view of high prevalence of noncommunicable disease and high early CKD population, there is an important need to consider comprehensive management strategies that involve the blockage of high renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and the use of mineralocorticosteroid receptor blockers.

Ways to Overcome Organ Shortage: Increasing Donor Pool by Accepting Suboptimal Kidney Donors.

Many factors affect organ donations worldwide, including religious factors, legislative decisions, economic factors, presence of organ procurement organizations, cultural issues, the presence of commercial transplant, and other unknown factors. The number of patients with end-stage renal disease has increased by 6% worldwide. Even with more transplant procedures, these numbers have not combated the dramatically increased number of patients on wait lists. With regard to potential living donors, around 50% are either blood group or HLA incompatible with the recipient, which then requires patient desensitization or paired kidney donation or a combination of both. Survival rates of kidney donors and the general population are almost the same 35 to 40 years after donation. Although the renal consequences of diabetes after kidney donation are almost the same as that shown in the general population, other risk factors should be considered, such as hypertension, proteinuria, and low glomerular filtration rate, before donation. It is so far unknown whether donors with impaired glucose tolerance can safely donate. With diabetes, what was considered normal blood sugar in 1960 to 1990 is now considered frank diabetes. What was considered normal blood pressure is now considered hypertension. Because individuals with these parameters were accepted as organ donors in the past and have been shown to maintain good health, it is worth considering the safe use of organs from donors with early diabetes and hypertension. Whereas young donors may have not reached the age at which hypertension, diabetes, and other kidney diseases develop, older donors have the lowest likelihood of developing end-stage renal disease after donation. As a general approach, young donors can be accepted if they have high glomerular filtration rate, but young donors from certain ethnic minorities and/or extensive family history of chronic kidney disease and those less than 18 years old should not be considered.

Burden of disease: Prevalence and incidence of endstage renal disease in Middle Eastern countries.

BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is one of the leading non-communicable diseases worldwide which at the same time costs immense amount of both financial and human resources. The number of ESRD patients continues to grow, and the need to provide different modalities of renal replacement therapy (RRT) increases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on the incidence and prevalence of RRT in the Middle East (ME) and the treatment modality, and correlated the findings with the economic status. RESULTS: The predominant age group of patients receiving RRT in ME countries is 0 - 39, compared with the age group of 25 - 59 in Western countries. The reported prevalence of RRT is directly proportional to the economic status of the country, with low-income countries having low prevalence of RRT and high-income countries having higher prevalence. Diabetes mellitus (DM) as the leading cause of ESRD has a high prevalence in the ME according to the World Health Organization (WHO); the projected prevalence by the year 2035 is 85%. RRT in ME shows 75.81% of patients are on hemodialysis (HD), 3.25% on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 20.93% were post-transplant recipients. Internationally, 77%, 16%, and 6% were on HD, PD, and post-transplant, respectively, in Europe; 63.1%, 6.9%, and 29.6% in the USA; and 12%, 70%, and 18% in Mexico. HD was the predominant modality of RRT in ME, while PD is underutilized, and transplantation was mostly from living donors; deceased-donor transplantation is not available in many countries. The Ministry of Health (MOH) is the main provider of RRT in ME; next, charitable organizations provide a significant proportion of RRT; and lastly, through private sectors for patients who could afford the cost of the therapy. In our survey, kidney transplantation in ME was mainly from living donors with almost 77.7% of the total kidneys transplanted while deceased donors comprised 22.3%. The overall graft survival was 93.7% and 84.23% after 1 and 5 years, respectively. Internationally, there are 17 accessible renal registries, compared with only 1 in the ME, resident in Saudi Arabia. Of the patients receiving RRT, 80% are on HD; chronic kidney disease (CKD) is found in ~ 10% of the population in the region. CONCLUSION: There is a high CKD burden in the ME countries. There needs to be emphasis on prevention of ESRD and provision of adequate care for the total ESRD patient population. National renal registries are needed to monitor the status of ESRD patients. Health expenditures should be increased to cover all aspects of RRT in ME Countries.

Acute kidney injury due to sucrose-containing intravenous immunoglobulins.

Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) are pooled polyvalent immunoglobulin G antibodies extracted from the human plasma. Stabilizers in IVIG may include sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, or maltose. Sucrose in IVIG preparations may cause acute kidney injury (AKI). We report the case of a renal transplant patient who developed AKI due to sucrose nephropathy following the administration of sucrose-containing IVIG.

Immediately Functioning Grafts from Brain-Dead Donors Treated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

A brain-dead donor experienced repeated cardiac arrests followed by severe hypotension requiring multiple vasoactive agents. These events were associated with severe lactic acidosis and dysregulated kidney function in the donor. A 10-hour treatment with extracorporeal membranous oxygenation was instituted, which was able to hemodynamically stabilize the donor. This treatment protocol resulted in the procurement of 2 viable kidney grafts transplanted into 2 recipients, who had immediate kidney graft function and excellent serum creatinine levels upon hospital discharge. These results are all the more significant considering that both cases involved long cold ischemia times, and one of the recipients had diabetes and was receiving his second kidney graft.

Trends in Deceased Donor Kidney Availability and Utilization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated trends in deceased donor kidney availability and utilization in Saudi Arabia, wait list changes, and recipient characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten-year registry data from the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation were analyzed, including consent/discard rates, numbers of kidneys from deceased donors versus expanded criteria and standard criteria donors, wait list characteristics, dialysis characteristics, and causes of chronic kidney disease. RESULTS: Annual mean number of deceased donor transplants remained almost constant over the 10-year period (mean of 129). Use of kidneys from expanded criteria donors increased (from 16%-28%), which was associated with higher frequency of delayed graft function (36.2% vs 16%; P = .002) and acute rejection (5.4% vs 19.6%; P = .001) versus kidneys from standard criteria donors. Donor consent rate (34%) and cold ischemic time (12.3 hours) remained constant. Numbers of patients on wait lists remained fairly constant (mean of 2825), although those on dialysis on wait lists decreased from 24% to 17% (P < .0001). Overall wait list numbers remained level or even dropped despite increased patients on dialysis (from 7%-10% annually). Between 2008 and 2016, prevalence of patients > 65 and > 75 years rose by 4.2% and 2.4% and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients on dialysis increased by 59.2%. Of kidneys consented in 2016, 14.7% were not recovered, mainly because of sudden cardiac arrest (60%). Of total transplanted kidneys, proportion from deceased donors decreased from 51% (2008-2010) to 22.1% (2014-2016). Only 13% of recipients were older than 55 years, although they comprised 25% of the dialysis population, with patients < 18 years (comprising 2.2% of the dialysis population) receiving 15% of kidneys. CONCLUSIONS: Deceased donor transplants remained almost constant; however, their proportion of total transplanted kidneys decreased, while transplants with extended criteria kidneys increased. Wait list totals decreased, with relatively less elderly patients and more children being transplanted.

Early clinical manifestations and laboratory findings before and after treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant patients.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most frequently encountered opportunistic viral pathogens in kidney transplant recipients. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed all living related and unrelated kidney transplant recipients on regular follow-up from January 2006 to June 2015, who were suspected to have CMV clinically and confirmed by DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CMV PCR was detected in 102 kidney transplant recipients. The median time of detection after kidney transplant was 21 months, ranging from 15 days to 84 months. There were 58 male and 44 female patients. The induction immunosuppression in living related kidney transplants was with antithymocyte globulin or basiliximab, whereas the most common maintenance immunosuppressive regimen was with cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. Most of the transplant recipients were asymptomatic at the time of detection of CMV PCR (67%). Fever, mainly low grade, was the main presentation in 16% of patients, followed by diarrhea (15%) and pneumonitis (2%). The most common hematological abnormality was lymphopenia seen in 46% of patients, followed by anemia (40%) and thrombocytopenia (14%). The common biochemical abnormalities found were elevated alanine aminotransaminase (18%) and hyperbilirubinemia (9%). The serum creatinine was found to be above baseline in 72% of patients. All patients with CMV infection were treated with intravenous ganciclovir, 2.5-5 mg/kg q 12 hourly, according to creatinine clearance, for 21 days. The treatment was successful in all but two patients, who died during the treatment period. There was a significant improvement in the kidney and liver functions after successful treatment of CMV infection. Our study shows that CMV infection should be considered in a patient presenting with unexplained rise in serum creatinine, low-grade fever, diarrhea, or anemia. A significant improvement in kidney and liver functions was observed after successful treatment of the infection.

Epidemiology and outcome of tuberculosis in immunocompromised patients.

The United States Renal Data System showed 1.2% and 1.6% incidences of tuberculosis (TB) in patients on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (HD), respectively. Kidney transplant (KTX) patients have higher rates. We studied the epidemiology and outcome of TB in patients with kidney dysfunction in a tertiary care hospital in the past decade. We examined data of patients with TB with and without kidney dysfunction from 2006 to 2015 through an electronic system. Statistical analysis was completed using Stata software, Chicago, IL, USA. We found 581 patients with active TB of whom 37 had renal dysfunction including chronic kidney disease, HD, and KTX. No difference was found in the prevalence, age, or gender predilection. The age ranged from 1 to 95 with a mean (standard deviation) of 38.6 (21.1) years. The incidence of TB is 3 per 100,000. The number of patients per year with active TB ranges from 52 to 128 and 3 to 4 in the general population and kidney dysfunction group, respectively. Sixty-five percent of patients with kidney dysfunction had pulmonary TB, 5% had pleurisy, and 30% had extrapulmonary TB. Eighty-four percent of patients with kidney dysfunction completed the course of treatment with 16% treatment failure and 0.4% developed multidrug-resistant TB; 8% were lost to follow-up and 8% died during the treatment period. This study showed no gender predilection for TB in the general population and immunocompromised. Duration of symptoms before diagnosis of TB was shorter in kidney dysfunction patients in comparison to the general population. TB cultures were the most positive tests whereas bronchoalveolar lavage and skin test were the least positive for detecting TB in the kidney dysfunction group. Improvement in registries and screening is required to enhance the capturing rate and detection among this group, as well as providing accurate data to health authorities and the public about the magnitude, future trends, treatments, and outcomes regarding TB in kidney dysfunction.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip: A computational biomechanical model of the path of least energy for closed reduction.

This study utilized a computational biomechanical model and applied the least energy path principle to investigate two pathways for closed reduction of high grade infantile hip dislocation. The principle of least energy when applied to moving the femoral head from an initial to a final position considers all possible paths that connect them and identifies the path of least resistance. Clinical reports of severe hip dysplasia have concluded that reduction of the femoral head into the acetabulum may occur by a direct pathway over the posterior rim of the acetabulum when using the Pavlik harness, or by an indirect pathway with reduction through the acetabular notch when using the modified Hoffman-Daimler method. This computational study also compared the energy requirements for both pathways. The anatomical and muscular aspects of the model were derived using a combination of MRI and OpenSim data. Results of this study indicate that the path of least energy closely approximates the indirect pathway of the modified Hoffman-Daimler method. The direct pathway over the posterior rim of the acetabulum required more energy for reduction. This biomechanical analysis confirms the clinical observations of the two pathways for closed reduction of severe hip dysplasia. The path of least energy closely approximated the modified Hoffman-Daimler method. Further study of the modified Hoffman-Daimler method for reduction of severe hip dysplasia may be warranted based on this computational biomechanical analysis. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 35:1799-1805, 2017.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities in hemodialysis patients from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries enrolled in the dialysis outcome and practice pattern study phase 5 (2012-2015).

To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and their active risk factors in the selected hemodialysis centers in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the Dialysis Outcome and Practice Pattern Study (DOPPS) was performed on 40 dialysis centers in the six GCC countries from June 2012 to May 2015. There were 21 dialysis centers from Saudi Arabia, nine from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), four from Kuwait, four from Oman, two from Qatar, and one from Bahrain. There were 922 patients participating in the study; 419 patients from Saudi Arabia, 144 from the UAE, 164 from Kuwait, 89 from Oman, 58 from Qatar, and 25 from Bahrain. Baseline data and laboratory investigations were obtained from every study patient, and the patients with any new events, change of dialysis prescription, or death were reported to the DOPPS main center during follow-up. The median age of the patients in the GCC centers was 55 years (range 32- 80 years), and the median percentage of males was 57%. The most common cause of chronic kidney disease among the study patients was diabetes mellitus (median: 43%) followed by hypertension (median: 29%) and glomerulonephritis (median: 9%). Hypertension (median 90%) and diabetes mellitus (median 52%) were the most common predisposing comorbidities to cardiovascular events in the study patients. The median ratios of patients with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure were 34%, 23%, and 24%, respectively. The median ratio for cerebrovascular comorbidities was 9%. The median prevalence of the factors that may predispose to the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities such as gender of the patients, adequacy of dialysis, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, levels of anemia, parathormone levels, and calcium and phosphorus levels in the GCC countries were comparable with those in the previous DOPPS in other countries.

Initiation of darbepoetin for management of anemia in non-dialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease.

The anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity seen in kidney diseases. It is also associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and diminished quality of life. Often, patients with CKD of different stages require erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to maintain their hemoglobin (Hb) within the target range. Darbepoetin alfa is a newer ESA with a longer half-life than recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO). The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety profile of twice-monthly (Q2W) and once a month (1QM) darbepoetin alfa in CKD patients, not on dialysis. The secondary objective was to assess the appropriate dose conversion from EPO to darbepoetin. Patients with CKD not on dialysis, receiving darbepoetin alfa every other week, or once every month, and with stable Hb levels between 10 and 12 g/dL, were enrolled in this single-center, open-label, single-arm study. In this study, 36 patients (21 female, 15 male) were enrolled with a mean age of 46.4 ± 20.12 years. About 56% of the patients (n = 20) received darbepoetin alfa 40 µg Q2W for more than three months and 36% (n = 13) were on once-monthly doses, whereas the other 8% (n = 3) were on variable doses ranging from 20 to 60 µg every two weeks. More than 80% of the patients were converted from short-acting EPO to darbepoetin corresponding to a conversion ratio of 672.2 IU:1 µg (standard deviation = 488.5). Hb levels ≥10 g/dL were maintained in 77.78% of the patients. The safety profile of darbepoetin alfa in this study was recorded, and no significant adverse effects were noted. Our study suggests that darbepoetin alfa, administered in fixed small doses and frequency of Q2W or Q1M, maintained Hb levels ≥10 g/dL in patients with CKD, not on dialysis.

Organ Transplantation in Saudi Arabia.

Organ transplantation started in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in 1979 with a kidney transplanted from a live donor. The Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation has been established in 1985 as a governmental agency that supervises all national transplant activities in the KSA. Organ transplantation in the KSA has made great strides since 1985. Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation is playing a central role in all aspects of transplantation including education on all levels, allocation, coordination and procurement. A new initiative has started an ambitious program in 2014 to improve the identification and reporting of organ donors aiming at an annual rate of 15 donors per million populations within 3 years in the KSA.

Predictability and Risk Factors for Development of New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Transplant in the Saudi Population.

OBJECTIVES: The study objective was to investigate the predictability and risk factors for the development of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus after transplant in the Saudi population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study in adult kidney transplant recipients who developed new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus after transplant. Patients with and without new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus after transplant were compared for demographic factors, blood glucose levels at 4-hour intervals for 24 hours after transplant, and serum creatinine levels at 6 and 12 months after transplant. RESULTS: Of 279 patients included in our study, 15.5% developed new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus after a mean follow-up of 4.6 ± 2.1 years after transplant. Patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus after transplant were significant older (P = .001), had a higher body mass index (P = .001), and had higher fasting blood glucose levels 24 hours after transplant (P = .03). No significant differences were observed regarding sex, transplant type, or serum creatinine levels at 6 and 12 months. Risk factors for new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus after transplant are body mass index (P = .001; relative risk of 1.26), fasting blood glucose at 24 hours (P = .001; relative risk of 1.3), age (P = .001; relative risk of 1.44), and family history of diabetes mellitus (P = .001; relative risk of 31.3). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for developing new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus were age, heavier weight, body mass index, family history of diabetes mellitus, and having higher fasting blood glucose levels 24 hours after transplant, with family history of diabetes mellitus being an especially very high significant risk factor.