Educational WhatsApp-delivered intervention based on social cognitive theory to promote leishmaniosis preventive behavior of health ambassadors: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Multidimensional strategies can promote preventive behaviors to prevent cutaneous leishmaniosis. WhatsApp, the popular messenger of Iranians, can be used as a platform to provide health education interventions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using an educational intervention in WhatsApp based on social cognitive theory (SCT) on the preventive behaviors of health ambassadors. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted from September 2020 to April 2021 on 220 people living in endemic areas of leishmaniosis in Mashhad Province, Iran. By the cluster method sampling, the samples were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention was performed for the intervention group over two weeks. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the constructs of SCT before and after the intervention. SPSS 16 was implemented to test multiple statistical analyses. RESULTS: Findings from the intervention group compared with the control group showed that the scores of SCT constructs and preventive behaviors were significantly changed (P < 0.001) across time during baseline through follow-up. These changes were not significant in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention based on the SCT model to promote leishmaniosis preventive behaviors is effective. This intervention module can be tested in other targeted populations in endemic areas to prevent and control leishmaniosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Registry IRCT20200615047784N1, registered 02/09/2020.

Spatio-temporal visualisation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic, urban area in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a significant public health concern worldwide. Iran is among the most CL-affected countries, being one of the six most endemic countries in the world. This study aimed to provide a spatio-temporal visualisation of CL cases in an endemic urban area in north-eastern Iran identifying high-risk and low-risk areas during the period 2016-2019. METHODS: This ecological study was conducted in the city of Mashhad, north-eastern Iran. All cases (n=2425) were diagnosed based on clinical findings and parasitological tests. The patient data were aggregated at the census tract level (the highest resolution available). CL incidence rates were subjected to Empirical Bayesian smoothing across the census tracts followed by spatial autocorrelation analysis to identify clusters and outliers. Spatial scan statistic was used to explore the purely temporal, purely spatial and spatio-temporal trend of the disease. In all instances, the null hypothesis of no clusters was rejected at p ≤0.05. RESULTS: The overall crude incidence rate decreased from 34.6 per 100,000 individuals in 2016 to 19.9 per 100,000 in 2019. Cluster analysis identified high-risk areas in south-western Mashhad and low-risk areas in the north-eastern areas. Purely time scan statistics identified March to July as the time period with highest risk for CL occurrence. One most likely purely high-risk spatial cluster and six secondary purely high-risk spatial clusters were identified. Further, two spatio-temporal high-risk clusters, one in the north of the city from April to August and a second in the south-western part from March to September were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Significant spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal patterns of CL distribution were observed in the study area, which should be considered when designing tailored interventions, such as effective resource allocation models, informed control plans and implementation of efficient surveillance systems. Furthermore, this study generated new hypotheses to test potential relationships between socio-economic and environmental risk factors and incidence of CL in high-risk areas.