ABSTRACT
Chlorpyrifos (CP), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, is used throughout the world as an insecticide in agriculture and an eradicating agent for termites around homes. In the present study, we examined the protective role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in human CP-treated lymphocytes. Lymphocytes isolated by Ficoll and exposed to 75 µg/mL CP either alone or in combination with logarithmic doses of ZnO NPs (0/1, 1, 10, 100 µg/mL). After a 3-day incubation period, the viability and oxidative stress markers were determined. Then, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as an inflammatory index along with AChE activity and cell death were evaluated. Our results showed that incubation with CP significantly increases the percent of cell death, activities of caspase-3 and -9, level of TNF-α and also promotes the levels of biomarkers which play important role in oxidative stress. On the other hand, the activity of AChE and levels of the total antioxidant power (TAP) decreased in CP-treated lymphocytes. In contrast, lymphocytes treated with different concentrations of ZnO NPs showed a significant decrease in the percent of mortality as well as the levels of TNF-α, as compared with CP-treated lymphocytes. Besides, ZnO NPs increased the levels of AChE and TAP at 1 µg/mL. In conclusion, the results indicate the protective effects of ZnO NPs in the prevention of cytotoxic activity of CP in the lymphocytes.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are used to control pests, however they can reach the food chain and enter the human body causing serious health problems by means of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and oxidative stress (OS). Among the OPs, chlorpyrifos (CHP), malathion (MAL), and diazinon (DIA) are commonly used for commercial extermination purposes, in addition to veterinary practices, domestic, agricul- ture and public health applications. Two new recently registered medicines that contain selenium and other antioxidants, IMOD and angipars (ANG), have shown beneficial ef- fects for OS related disorders. This study examines the effect of selenium-based medi- cines on toxicity of three common OP compounds in erythrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present experimental study, we determined the ef- ficacy of IMOD and ANG on OS induced by three mentioned OP pesticides in human erythrocytes in vitro. After dose-response studies, AChE, lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant power (TAP) and total thiol molecules (TTM) were measured in eryth- rocytes after exposure to OPs alone and in combined treatment with IMOD or ANG. RESULTS: AChE activity, TAP and TTM reduced in erythrocytes exposed to CHP, MAL and DIA while they were restored in the presence of ANG and IMOD. ANG and IMOD reduced the OPs-induced elevation of LPO. CONCLUSION: The present study shows the positive effects of IMOD and ANG in re- duction of OS and restoration of AChE inhibition induced by CHP, MAL and DIA in erythrocytes in vitro.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dexmedetomidine used for sedation of patients with sepsis. METHODS: We searched Medline, Scopus, TRIP and CENTRAL, DART, OpenGrey, and ProQuest without applying any language filter up to July 15, 2015. Two of the authors independently reviewed search results for irrelevant and duplicate studies and extracted data and assessed methodological quality of the studies. We used tabulation to synthesize the findings of the studies and transformed data into a common rubric and calculated a weighted treatment effect across studies using Review Manager. RESULTS: We found 124 references in 7 databases, and after exclusion of irrelevant and duplicate studies, 6 studies with total number of 242 patients with sepsis were included. The risk ratio for 28-day mortality was 0.49 (95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.99; P = .05) for the dexmedetomidine group vs the control group. The weighted mean difference for the length of stay in the intensive care unit was 1.54 (95% confidence interval, -1.73 to 4.81; P = .36). No adverse effect including hypertensive, hypotensive, or bradycardia response was reported in any studies. CONCLUSION: In a small group of studies of patients with sepsis, dexmedetomidine improved short-term mortality compared with other sedatives without affecting the intensive care unit length of stay. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether using this particular agent improves sepsis outcomes in comparison to other commonly used sedating agents.
