Evolution of meal patterns and food choices of Japanese-American females born in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: To examine trends in meal patterns and food choices across two generations of Japanese-American females born in the USA. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING: Gardena, a suburb of Los Angeles, California. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and seventy-six Japanese-American females, participating in a morning exercise class from December 1998 to January 1999. INTERVENTION: Eighty-eight Nisei (second generation) mothers and their Sansei (third generation) daughters completed a food frequency questionnaire, answering questions regarding meal patterns and consumption frequency of 51 food items. RESULTS: The Sansei ate fewer meals per day compared with the Nisei. Mean frequencies of takeout foods and eating out were higher in the Sansei vs the Nisei. Mean intake of meats and eggs were similar between the two groups. However, mean consumption of traditional Japanese complement foods including fish, vegetables and legumes was lower in the Sansei vs the Nisei. Intake of more 'Westernized' accessory foods, including salty snacks, regular soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, was higher in the Sansei vs the Nisei. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study indicate that meal patterns and food choices have changed in succeeding generations of Japanese-American females from traditional fare to a diet containing many complement and accessory foods that are higher in fat, sugar, sodium and calories. Health professionals should be advised to consider the whole diet in making nutrition recommendations to this population as well as providing information to this group on the nutritional benefits of many traditional foods. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 665-670.

Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether children with food neophobia (unwillingness to try new foods) have more restrictive diets than children without neophobia. SUBJECTS: Seventy children were classified into 3 groups based on scores obtained on the Food Neophobia Scale: neophobic group, score greater than 41; neophilic group, score less than 27; and average group, score of 28 to 40. DESIGN: Dietary data were collected and analyzed for 3 days selected randomly. The dependent variables measured were energy and nutrient intakes, servings of each Food Guide Pyramid group, and Health Eating Index (HEI) scores. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: chi 2, 1-way analysis of covariance, and Scheffé multiple comparisons tests were conducted. RESULTS: The 3 groups were similar with respect to the number of children meeting two thirds of the RDA/DRI for energy and most nutrients. The exception was vitamin E: fewer neophobic children met two thirds of the recommended value for this nutrient than average and neophilic children. The overall HEI score was significantly lower for the neophobic group compared with the average and neophilic groups. The HEI index showed that children with neophobia had a higher intake of saturated fat and less food variety than children without food neophobia. APPLICATIONS: Dietitians should emphasize increased food variety for children within the context of a healthful diet. Research should be conducted to determine the effects of dietary variety on quality of diet and health of children.

Effect of marginal zinc deficiency on human growth and development.

Growth and development disorders in humans caused by zinc (Zn) deficiency have been investigated for a long time. Although marginal Zn deficiency is a common nutritional problem around the world, especially in the children of developing countries where diets have less Zn available, it is difficult to identify. This review provides the progression of studies in the effect of Zn deficiency on human growth and development, and also explains the possible mechanisms of how Zn promotes these phenomena. These mechanisms involve the effects of Zn on DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, and cell division. The concept of zn-finger proteins explains the role of Zn in gene expression and endocrine function. Findings indicate that Zn deficiency can result in delayed growth and development which can be corrected in part by Zn supplementation.

Evidence for a genetic influence on preference for some foods.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate genetic influence on preference for 17 foods. The relationship between preference and use of these foods was also examined. The study focused on frequently eaten foods and on foods consumed less frequently but promoted for good health. DESIGN: Food preferences were investigated in young monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twin pairs living at home and sharing the same environment. Subjects provided preference ratings after testing each food. A food frequency questionnaire was used to determine whether the genetic component of preference is associated with food use. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 14 pairs of monozygotic twins and 21 pairs of same-sex dizygotic twins, aged 9 to 18 years. They were recruited on a volunteer basis from public schools in Cincinnati, Ohio. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We found a greater similarity in food preference between members of monozygotic twin pairs than between dizygotic twin pairs, which suggests an important role for genetics in accounting for individual differences in food preference. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Food preference data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and Fischer z scores. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by applying the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test and the Holzinger index. Food use was correlated with preference using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Significant differences in intrapair correlations for monozygotic and dizygotic twins were found for orange juice (z = 5.39; P < .05), broccoli (z = 2.60; P < .05), cottage cheese (z = 2.54; P < .05), chicken (z = 2.54; P < .05), sweetened cereal (z = 2.00; P < .05), and hamburger (z = 1.95; P < .10). The genetic component of preference was correlated with use for only two foods. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: It is important for nutritionists to realize that heritable factors may influence selection of a range of foods, including some that are promoted for good health. If health-promoting foods are to be included in the diet, accessibility and exposure to these foods must be increased.

Learning style preferences: a comparison of younger and older adult females.

This study explored the learning styles of older adult females (65 + years) as compared to younger adult females (35-55 years) in the areas of immediate environment, emotionality, sociological needs and physical needs. At recreation community centers, 80 subjects were selected on a non-random basis, with one-half falling in each age category. Each subject was individually questioned using the Productivity Environmental Preference Survey, which analyzes a personal preference for each of 20 elements and identifies how adults prefer to function, learn, concentrate and perform in their educational or occupational activities. An analysis by t test showed a significant difference between the two groups in the elements of light, learning alone--peer oriented, authority figures present, and evening--morning. When the elements were combined and treated by discriminant analysis, most of these findings were confirmed, showing a significant difference in five elements: light, motivation, responsibility, learning alone--peer oriented, evening--morning. These findings might be useful to nutrition educators when developing nutrition programs for the elderly.