ABSTRACT
Deep-seated lipomatous tumors of the peripheral soft tissue of the extremities are uncommon. The majority represent atypical lipomatous tumors or well-differentiated liposarcomas. On rare occasions benign adipocytic tumors, such as hibernoma may present as huge, deep-lying subfascial masses. As a consequence of the deep location and usually heterogeneous signal intensities in imaging, they are particularly at risk to be misinterpreted as liposarcomas on clinical grounds. Furthermore, the rarity and thus limited familiarity with the morphological appearance and spectrum still represent a pitfall for the histopathological assessment.
Subject(s)
Liposarcoma/pathology , Muscle Neoplasms/pathology , Female , Humans , Liposarcoma/surgery , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Middle Aged , Muscle Neoplasms/surgery , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , ThighABSTRACT
Esophageal malformations are rare and can occur sporadically or as a component of various syndromes. The variations and classifications are manifold. With the available modern operation techniques most malformations can be resolved with good results. However, esophageal malformations are often combined with further malformations which limit the prognosis. The separation of the trachea and esophagus after gastrulation is not yet completely researched. The results so far indicate that the localized expression of various homeodomain transcription factors is essential for normal development of the trachea and esophagus.
Subject(s)
Esophagus/abnormalities , Esophagus/pathology , Anastomosis, Surgical , Diseases in Twins/diagnosis , Diseases in Twins/genetics , Diseases in Twins/pathology , Diseases in Twins/surgery , Diverticulum, Esophageal/diagnosis , Diverticulum, Esophageal/genetics , Diverticulum, Esophageal/pathology , Diverticulum, Esophageal/surgery , Esophageal Atresia/diagnosis , Esophageal Atresia/genetics , Esophageal Atresia/pathology , Esophageal Atresia/surgery , Esophagus/embryology , Esophagus/surgery , Female , Genetic Loci/genetics , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Phenotype , Prognosis , Syndrome , Trachea/abnormalities , Trachea/embryology , Trachea/pathology , Trachea/surgery , Tracheoesophageal Fistula/diagnosis , Tracheoesophageal Fistula/genetics , Tracheoesophageal Fistula/pathology , Tracheoesophageal Fistula/surgeryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation frequently express chromogranin A, synaptophysin and somatostatin receptors. The role of neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is not yet clear. METHOD: The presence of chromogranin A, synaptophysin and somatostatin receptors was studied immunohistochemically in 78 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma specimens. RESULTS: Sparse chromogranin A expression was found in 41 per cent, associated with high chromogranin A messenger RNA expression and the presence of dense core granules. Low synaptophysin expression was found in 18 per cent. The highest staining scores were found for somatostatin receptor 5 (82 per cent), followed by somatostatin receptor 1 (69 per cent) and somatostatin receptor 2 (54 per cent), whereas somatostatin receptors 3 and 4 expression was low. Expression was not correlated with tumour stage or survival. CONCLUSION: Cells with neuroendocrine differentiation are sparsely scattered in some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Their pathophysiological role is elusive. In contrast, somatostatin receptor and particularly somatostatin receptor 5 expression is frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Somatostatin receptor expression is not considered to indicate neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
