The clarification of the concept of colostomy nursing care in ostomy care centers: A concept analysis through Walker and Avant's method.

BACKGROUND: Specialist nurses need to have an accurate understanding of colostomy care-related concepts to provide care. Although patients with different types of ostomy have different types of needs, terms such as ostomy care, colostomy care, and ileostomy nursing are interchangeably used. Moreover, there are limited concept analysis studies into the concept of colostomy nursing care (CNC) in ostomy care centers (OCCs). The aim of this study was to analyze and clarify the concept of CNC in outpatient OCCs. METHODS AND MATERIAL: This was a concept analysis study. This concept analysis was conducted using Walker and Avant's eight-step method. The online databases were searched until 2022 to retrieve documents on CNC. Finally, 35 articles and four books were included in the analysis, the defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences of the concepts were determined, and model and additional cases as well as empirical referents were presented. RESULTS: The defining attributes of CNC in OCCs are the development of professional role, participatory practice and interdisciplinary care, selection of the best clinical procedures, care based on patient education, and patient rehabilitation. The antecedents of the concept are nurse-related antecedents, patient- and family-related antecedents, environmental antecedents, and professional rules and regulations. Its consequences are patients' and families' greater care-related knowledge, improvement of nurses' care quality, patient autonomy, and self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: The concept of CNC in OCCs can be defined as "a continuous and coherent care based on knowledge, skill, expertise, experience, and colostomy type which uses interdisciplinary collaboration and the best available evidence in order to select and provide the best services according to patients' and families' culture and background, fulfill patients' physical, mental, sexual, social, and spiritual needs, and timely refer patients to specialists, with the ultimate goal of improving patient autonomy and facilitating their return to normal life."

Designing a Spiritual Health Model for the Muslim Elderly Living in Nursing Homes.

The spiritual health of elderly residents in nursing homes is an essential aspect of their overall health that has been overlooked. There are no specific practical models available in this area. Therefore, the present study aimed to design a model to promote the spiritual health of Muslim elderly residents in nursing homes. This qualitative study is part of a larger study conducted in Iran in 2021 to design a model for the spiritual health of elderly residents in nursing homes in Islamic countries. The first part of the study was conducted using a qualitative method and a grounded theory approach. In the second part, using the findings of the qualitative stage and the theoretical production approach of Walker and Avant (2011), which includes three stages of determining central concepts, reviewing texts, and organizing concepts and statements within a relevant whole, a model for the spiritual health of elderly residents in nursing homes was designed. The resulting model includes assumptions, concepts, objectives, and operational strategies. Some crucial strategies of this model include improving social and organizational infrastructure, spiritual needs assessment, improving the structure and facilities of nursing homes, providing spiritual support, empowering nurses, likewise caregivers, and monitoring and evaluating corrective spiritual care. This model can provide a framework for enhancing the spiritual health of elderly Muslim residents in nursing homes by emphasizing improving the social structure and elderly care centers, assessing spiritual needs, providing spiritual support, and evaluating implemented measures.

The barriers and facilitators to nursing care for patients with permanent colostomy in outpatient centers: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Ostomy care nurses are responsible for the management of patients with colostomy from the time of diagnosis. Currently, most ostomy care services are provided in outpatient ostomy care centers in order to reduce patients' hospital stay and reduce hospitalization-related costs. Many different factors can affect colostomy nursing care provision in these centers. Identification of these factors can facilitate quality care provision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in 2020-2021 to explore the barriers and facilitators to nursing care for patients with permanent colostomy in Tehran and Qom ostomy centers. Participants were twelve nurses with ostomy care licenses, two adult patients with permanent colostomy for at least two years, and one family caregiver of a patient with permanent colostomy purposefully selected from outpatient ostomy care centers in Iran. RESULT: Data were collected via fifteen in-depth semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis. The barriers and facilitators to nursing care for patients with permanent colostomy in outpatient centers came into three main categories, namely specialized capabilities of colostomy care, care continuity, and caring status in the family. CONCLUSION: These findings imply that not only nurses, but also patients, family caregivers, and referral systems can influence nursing care provision to permanent colostomy. Effective management of these factors can improve the quality of ostomy nursing care.

Designing and validating of a questionnaire measuring perceived self-care ability (PSCA) in chronic stroke patients at home.

BACKGROUND: Patients with a stroke often cannot care for themselves after hospital discharge. Assessment of their self-care ability is the first step in planning post-discharge home care. This study aimed to design and validate a measure of perceived self-care ability (PSCA) in stroke patients. METHODS: A sequential-exploratory mixed method was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in 2020-2021. The qualitative phase involved in-depth semi-structured interviews with 12 participants. Transcripts were content analyzed. The results guided the development of 81 items. psychometric properties such as face validity (Impact Score > 1.5), content validity ratio (CVR > 0.63), content validity index (Item Content Validity Index: ICVI > 0.78, Scale Content Validity Index/Average: SCVI/Ave > 0.8) and Kappa value (Kappa > 0.7), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7), relative reliability (ICC: inter class correlation coefficient), absolute reliability (Standard Error of Measurement: SEM and Minimal Detectable Changes: MDC), convergent validity (Correlation Coefficient between 0.4-0.7), interpretability, responsiveness, feasibility, and ceiling and floor effects were assessed. RESULTS: Content analysis of the qualitative interviews yielded 5 major categories and 9 subcategories that reflected "Perceptual stability", "Cognitive fluctuations", "Sensory, Motor and Physical health"," The subjective nature" and "The dynamic nature" of PSCA. Results of face and content validity reduced the number of items to 32, capturing three dimensions of PSCA in chronic stroke patients; these dimensions included perceptual ability, threatened health status, and sensory, motor, and cognitive ability. The findings supported the reliability and validity of the measure. CONCLUSIONS: The PSCA questionnaire was developed and validated within the Iranian culture. It is useful in assessing the self-care of patients with stroke and in informing practice.

Concept analysis of self-neglect in the elderly: a hybrid model.

PURPOSE: Clarifying the concept of elder self-neglect. METHODS: Researchers investigated the concept of elder self-neglect using a hybrid approach, including theoretical, fieldwork, and final analysis phases. After an extensive review of related literature to define the concept of self-neglect and describe its characteristics, the fieldwork phase was carried out to illustrate its empirical features. Accordingly, it led to the extraction of the elder self-neglect attributes from the first two phases. FINDINGS: Elder self-neglect includes "subjective and objective high-risk behaviors pertinent to physical and spiritual health as well as restricted social interactions, disregarding the living environment, and a lack of compliance to personal hygiene routines that the elderly demonstrate deliberately or unintentionally. Various factors can contribute to such behaviors, including individual features, poor physical performance, elderly-oriented psychological disorders, financial challenges, detrimental stressors, unsuccessful social interactions, inaccessible supportive resources, inadequate educational resources, and inappropriate cultural norms. Consequently, such behaviors result in impaired physical and psychological health status, higher risk of misbehavior, poor quality of life, extra caregiving-treatment burden, and affected mental security in society." CONCLUSION: Given that elder self-neglect is considered a relatively unknown concept in Iran, the study findings can pave the way for future extensive research in the Iranian context by clarifying the concept. It can play a significant role in developing related tools to design more efficient interventions and improve the quality of nursing care services. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The elder self-neglect concept can lead to numerous health-related disorders among the elderly in society. Nurses cannot deal with an unknown phenomenon without exploring and identifying its exact meaning. It is, therefore, imperative to illustrate the different dimensions of this concept to help create a deep understanding among the nurses and perform timely diagnosis and interventional procedures.

Psychometric properties of the persian version of the nursing clinical reasoning scale.

AIM: The aim of this study was to translate the Nursing Clinical Reasoning Scale (NCRS) into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties. DESIGN: This study was a methodological and cross-sectional study. METHODS: This methodological study was conducted in 2020 in a teaching hospital. After obtaining necessary permission from its developers, NCRS was translated into Persian through the method proposed by the World Health Organization. Then, its face, content, and construct validity and reliability were assessed. For construct validity assessment through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 300 nurses (two 150-nurse samples), who had randomly been selected, completed the instrument. Reliability also assessed through the internal consistency and the stability methods. Data were analysed using the SPSS (v. 20.0) and the AMOS (v. 5.0) software. RESULTS: The content validity indices of NCRS and its items were 0.97 and more than 0.79, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis revealed an assessment and confirmation factor and an implementation and reflection factor for the scale which together explained 57.30% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this two-factor structure (χ2 /df = 2.11, NNFI = 0.952, RMSEA = 0.053, CFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.94, IFI = 0.95, and NFI = 0.96). The Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient values of the scale were 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The Persian NCRS can help nursing policy makers and mentors identify the need for developing nurses' and nursing students' CR skills and implement need-based educational courses to improve these skills. Moreover, it helps determine whether the educational programmes are effective in improving nurses' CR skills and clinical competence.

Fears and Concerns of Bystanders to Help People Injured in Traffic Accidents: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.

In most traffic accidents, bystanders arrive at the scene before the rescuers. If they provide the right help, they can play an important and effective role in reducing the number of deaths and complications caused by these accidents. However, in many cases, fears and concerns prevent bystanders from providing assistance. This study aims to investigate and understand the fears and concerns of bystanders when they decide to help in traffic accidents. In 2022, this study was carried out in Iran using a qualitative content analysis approach. The data was collected through semistructured interviews. Participants were 15 males and females who had experience providing assistance in traffic accidents. Interviews, after digital recording, were transcribed verbatim. A purposeful and theoretical sampling method was performed. Data analysis and the determination of codes, categories, and subcategories were done using qualitative analysis software. O'Brien's qualitative research reporting standard was used. The results of the study include a category of fears and concerns and five subcategories. The subcategories include fear and concern caused by lack of information, fear of legal troubles, stress caused by previous experience, fear and anxiety caused by anticipation, and anxiety of unknown origin. The results of this study showed that some of the fears and concerns of the bystanders were related to a lack of information about providing assistance. By increasing bystanders' information about assistance, such as first aid training, fear and anxiety caused by a lack of information can be reduced. Another part of the fear and concern of bystanders is due to legal issues. Passing and implementing laws that protect bystanders can help reduce this fear and concern. Bystanders should be trained to provide assistance according to the rules of assistance so that they do not get into legal problems. A part of the bystander's fear and concern stems from their previous experiences providing assistance in traffic accidents. These experiences can also affect the fear and anxiety caused by anticipation. It is necessary to conduct more studies on the role of bystanders' experiences in creating fear and anxiety in them, as well as their effect on anticipatory fear.

Factors influencing support provision to the family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer: A qualitative study.

PURPOSE: Family caregivers (FCs) play a significant role in providing care to elderly patients with cancer (PWC). Meanwhile, they face a wide range of challenges and are considered hidden patients who require special attention and support. Nonetheless, they do not receive adequate support. This study aimed at exploring the factors influencing support provision to the FCs of elderly PWC. METHOD: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in 2020-2022. Thirty-one FCs and family members of elderly PWC and healthcare providers were purposefully recruited from various healthcare centers in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis approach. Trustworthiness was ensured through Lincoln and Guba's criteria. RESULTS: Factors influencing support provision to the FCs of elderly PWC came into three main categories, namely the potential for supporting elderly PWC and FCs, complexity of family and social support, and support-related challenges of the healthcare system. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the factors influencing support provision to the FCs of elderly PWC can assist healthcare policymakers and authorities in developing more effective strategies to support these groups.

The barriers to family-centered care in the pediatric rehabilitation ward: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Family-centered care (FCC) is one of the fundamental principles of care provision to children with disability (CWD). It is based on the collaboration of healthcare providers, patients, and families. However, there is limited information about the barriers to FCC in pediatric rehabilitation settings in Iran. This study aimed at exploring the barriers to FCC in the pediatric rehabilitation ward. METHODS: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in 2022. Participants were nine rehabilitation staff and twelve mothers of hospitalized CWD purposively selected from the pediatric rehabilitation ward of hospital Rofeideh, Tehran, Iran. Rehabilitation staff were three nurses, a head nurse, a nursing manager, a medical specialist, a social worker, a physical therapist, and an occupational therapist. Eleven semi-structured interviews and three focus group discussions were conducted for data collection, and conventional content analysis proposed by Graneheim and Lundman (2004) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The three main categories of the barriers to FCC in the pediatric rehabilitation ward were family-related barriers (subcategories: knowledge about child rehabilitation, sociocultural background, and participation), staff-related barriers (subcategories: knowledge, ethical concerns, and collaboration), and organizational barriers (subcategories: factors related to FCC policies, managerial factors, environmental factors, and factors related to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic). CONCLUSION: The barriers to FCC in the pediatric rehabilitation ward are very diverse due to the long-term course of child disability and long-term interaction of families with rehabilitation centers. Data collection from both families and rehabilitation staff helped acquire an in-depth understanding about these barriers. More in-depth explorations of family-related barriers such as sociocultural factors are essential to determine the reasons for family resistance to healthcare providers' recommendations to develop more effective care plans.

Factors Affecting Patient Safety in Inpatient Rehabilitation Hospital: A Multidisciplinary Perspective.

Patient safety (PS) is of special importance in Inpatient Rehabilitation Hospital (IRH). Few studies have assessed the factors affecting PS in IRH. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the factors affecting PS based on the experiences of the rehabilitation team in an IRH. This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis approach in 2020-2021. The participants were 16 members of the rehabilitation team. They were purposively selected from Rofaydeh rehabilitation hospital, Tehran, Iran. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews and was continued up to data saturation. The mean age of the participants was 37.31 ± 8.68 years and their mean work experience was 8.75 years. The factors affecting PS in IRH were classified into five main categories, namely shortage of organizational resources, inappropriate physical environment of the IRH, inappropriate PS culture, patients' and their caregivers' limited participation in safety programs, and poor fall prevention programs. The results of this study revealed the factors affecting PS in IRH. Accurate identification of the influential factors on PS can help healthcare providers, managers, and policymakers use multi-component interventions to improve PS culture and increase PS in IRHs. Action research studies are also recommended to determine the main components of such interventions.

Nurses' experiences of discrimination in health care: A qualitative study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Justice in health is one of the main concerns of health organizations, and discrimination in health care is one of the negative outcomes to achieving this goal. Hence, a full understanding of the phenomenon of discrimination in health care and adopting strategies to eliminate it is necessary. The present study was conducted to explore and describe the experiences of nurses of discrimination in health care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present qualitative content analysis study was conducted between 2019 and 2020. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 participants (two physicians, three nursing supervisors, two head nurses, four clinical nurses, two nursing assistants, and three hospitalized patients) in one public and one private hospital in the city of Tehran. The participants were selected by purposive sampling, which continued until saturation of data. Data obtained were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman method. RESULTS: Four main categories and 14 subcategories were extracted from data analysis: 1) habitual discrimination (everyday discrimination in health centers, ignoring patient rights, low levels of trust in medical staff); 2) interpersonal relationships (expectations of associates, respect for colleagues and friends, the possibility of the occurrence of similar situations, reciprocating people's favors); 3) shortage of health-care resources (shortage of medical equipment, heavy workload, infrastructure of medical centers, lack of access to physicians); and 4) favoritism (ethnicity, favoritism as a common method, and favoritism as the ultimate solution to treatment problems). CONCLUSION: The present study revealed certain dimensions of discrimination in health care that remain hidden in many quantitative studies. It appears that health system managers will be able to move toward eliminating discrimination in health care. Thus, designing effective models to reduce discrimination in health care based on the underlying concepts of this study is recommended.

Challenges in addiction-affected families: a systematic review of qualitative studies.

BACKGROUND: The relative paucity of research on Addiction-Affected Families' (AAF) issues and the lack of attention given to their difficulties and treatment in interventions and clinical practices indicate that the primary focus consistently revolves around individuals with addictive disorders, even when the treatment process involves their families. However, it is believed that family members endure significant pressures that result in extensive negative consequences on the personal, familial, and social aspects of their lives. Aiming for a better understanding of the challenges and issues that AAF's experience, this systematic review explored qualitative studies with a focus on the impact of addiction on different aspects of families. METHODS: We searched Research Gate, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Elsevier, and Google Scholar Databases. We included studies of qualitative design which have investigated the effects of addiction on families. Non-English language studies, medical views, and quantitative approaches were excluded. Participants in the selected studies included parents, children, couples, sisters/brothers, relatives, drug users and specialists. The data from the selected studies were extracted using a standard format for the systematic review of qualitative research (the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence [NICE] 2102a). RESULTS: A thematic analysis of the findings of the studies identified 5 main themes: 1) initial shock (family encounter, searching for why), 2) family in the fog (social isolation, stigma and label), 3) sequence of disorders (emotional decline, negative behavioral experiences, mental disturbance, physical degeneration, family burden), 4) internal family chaos (instability of relationships, shadow people, erosive confrontation with the drug-using member, a newly emerging member, collapsing system, financial collapse), and 5) self-protection (attracting information, support, and protective sources, coping and adjusting the effects, the emergence of spirituality). CONCLUSION: This systematic review of qualitative research highlights the various and complex issues which addiction-affected families go through in terms of financial, social, cultural, mental and physical health problems, as a result of which experts of the field are needed to investigate and take measures. The findings can inform policy and practice and the development of interventions aimed to lighten the burdens which addiction-affected families carry.

Exploring the Experiences of Nurses in Providing Care to Patients with COVID-19: A Qualitative Study in Iran.

AIM: This study aimed to explore the experiences of nurses in providing care to COVID-19 patients. METHOD: This qualitative study was conducted with the content analysis approach between June and Agust 2020 in Iran. Fourteen nurses working in COVID-19 wards were selected via purposive sampling. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews and the Graneheim and Lundman content analysis method was adopted for the data analysis. RESULTS: The experiences of nurses in providing care to COVID-19 patients were divided into four categories "a scarcity of knowledge about COVID-19 patient care," "changes in daily life," "patient care challenges," and "occupational burnout." CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be used by managers when facing crises similar to COVID-19 so that by paying attention to the challenges of caring for patients identified in this study, they can make the necessary preparations for caring for patients during other pandemic crises and plan the necessary measures accordingly. Also, to maintain and promote the quality of nursing care, it is crucial to ensure the adequate provision of resources for patient care, such as utilizing personal protective equipment and mechanisms that offer financial and emotional support to nurses.

Instability of emotional relationships and suicide among youth: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Interpersonal problems are one of the factors for understanding the complex issues that result in suicide attempts and self-injury by poisoning. The quality of familial relationships is a predictor of the occurrence and outcome of suicide attempts. This study aimed to explore motives for self-poisoning suicide attempts amongst young adults. METHOD: This research was a qualitative study conducted using semi-structured interviews in 2019 in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Eighteen participants who had attempted suicide by self-poisoning were interviewed, and information was collected until data saturation was achieved. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the data were analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS: The results included the category of instability in emotional relationships with the three sub-categories of 1- Emotional failure, 2- Emotional trauma, and 3- Loss of emotional resilience (caused by emotional failure and emotional trauma within the previous few months). Instability in emotional relationships creates feelings of disgrace, humiliation, burdensomeness, worthlessness, and insignificance, which increases the chances of attempting suicide. CONCLUSION: The study results provided an in-depth understanding of romantic, and unstable familial relationships as a significant factor in suicide attempts, demonstrating the role of emotional stress in attempting suicide. The present study provided information on the risk factors and warning signs for psychiatrists and nurses dealing with suicidal patients to take effective measures to prevent suicide through social support.

Culture of discrimination in healthcare: A grounded theory.

BACKGROUND: Discrimination in health care is an international challenge and a serious obstacle to justice and equality in health. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to design a grounded theory of discrimination in health care based on the experiences and perceptions of Iranian healthcare providers and patients. RESEARCH DESIGN: This qualitative study was conducted using by the grounded theory method. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 healthcare providers including 11 nurses, two physicians, two nurse's assistants, and three patients in two general hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling and analyzed simultaneously using the Corbin and Strauss (2015) approach. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Ethics code: IR.USWR.REC.1398.023). Also, after explaining the objectives of the study, all the participants completed and signed the written consent form. FINDINGS: The "culture of discrimination" was the study's core category, reflecting the nature of discrimination in health care. The theory of "culture of discrimination in health care" is the result of five main categories: "individual social stimuli," "culture of discrimination," "unintentional discrimination," "conflict with discrimination," and "dissatisfaction with discriminatory behavior." These categories cover the underlying factors, strategies, and outcomes of the discrimination process in health care. DISCUSSION: The results of the study showed that nurses and other health care providers experience unintentional discrimination. Unintentional discrimination refers to discriminatory behaviors and practices of health care providers. CONCLUSION: The theory of culture of discrimination in health care can be used as a practical guide to describe and understand the role of health care providers, especially nurses. Further studies with a quantitative approach to applying this theory in medical settings are recommended.

Older people's perceptions of intergenerational relationships in nursing homes: A qualitative content analysis.

Introduction: Intergenerational conflict is one of the components which helps to inappropriate communication patterns and ineffective interactions. Intergenerational research aims to promote deeper understanding and respect between generations and helps to create more cohesive communities, suggesting that it can have numerous health and social benefits. Despite the importance of intergenerational relationships in the elderly, the older people's perceptions of intergenerational relationships in nursing homes are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the older people's perceptions of intergenerational relationships in nursing homes in relation to nurses. Methods: This was a qualitative content analysis in which 12 elderly residents and 6 employees (3 nurses, 1 supervisor, 1 psychologist and 1 nursing home manager) in the nursing home were recruited purposively from three nursing homes located in Tehran, Iran. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. Data were analyzed via qualitative content analysis and continuous comparison and were based on self-interactional group theory (SIGT). Results: During data analysis, "Struggle for existence" was extracted from three subthemes as the main theme. Subthemes such as "prejudicious tendencies", "Communication nodes" resulting from intra-group and inter-group analysis, respectively, and the "umbrella of society," which influences both concepts, formed the intergenerational relationships in the nursing homes. Conclusion: Generational differences between nursing home residents and nurses make establishing effective communication between them difficult and lead to lack of quality care. The study findings can help nursing home managers apply strategies to remove barriers to intergenerational relationships, improve these relationships and increase cohesion between generations to lead to better care and subsequent improvement in their quality of life.

Depression, anxiety, and stress among Iranian nurses in COVID-19 care wards.

BACKGROUND: Nurses are at the frontline of care provision to patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The high communicability of COVID-19, high levels of stress associated with the disease, and challenges of care provision to afflicted patients faced nurses in Iran with problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress. The aim of the study was to assess depression, anxiety, and stress among Iranian nurses who provided care to patients with COVID-19. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2020-2021. Participants were 468 nurses purposively selected from university hospitals in Iran. They completed two online instruments, namely a demographic questionnaire and the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (v. 23.0). RESULTS: Most participants were female (75.9%) and married (73.4%) and held bachelor's degree (88%). The means of participants' age and work experience were 33.59 ± 6.40 years and 10.26 ± 6.61 years, respectively. The mean scores and the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress were 13.56 ± 5.37 and 74.1%, 13.21 ± 4.90 and 89.7%, and 15.13 ± 4.76 and 54.9%, respectively. The prevalence rates of moderate to severe depression, anxiety, and stress were 43.7%, 73%, and 24%, respectively. The mean scores of participants' depression, anxiety, and stress had significant relationship with their employment status (p < 0.05). Besides, the mean scores of their anxiety had significant relationship with their educational level, employment status, and work shift (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Most nurses who provide care to patients with COVID-19 suffer from depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychological support services may be needed for nurses in order to protect and promote their mental health.

Exploration and prioritization of strategies to improve clinical reasoning skills among coronary care nurses: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical reasoning (CR) is the most important competency for safe and quality care delivery in coronary care unit (CCU). Nonetheless, evidence shows that nurses in CCU do not have the necessary CR skills to manage challenging situations and provide quality care in these units. Identifying the possible strategies for CR skill improvement is a key step in improving nurses' CR skills. AIM: The aim of the study was to explore and prioritize strategies for CR skill improvement among nurses in CCU. DESIGN: A qualitative design was used. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in 2020 in the CCU of a subspecialty heart hospital. Participants were nurses, head nurses, nursing supervisors, nursing manager, clinical nursing instructors, and cardiologists. Initially, necessary data to identify strategies for CR skill improvement were collected through semistructured interviews with 16 participants and were analyzed through conventional content analysis. Then, the determined strategies were prioritized through quantitative scoring by 24 participants in three focus group discussions. The Suitability, Feasibility, and Flexibility matrix was used for scoring. RESULTS: The main three strategies of CR skill improvement were improvement of the efficiency of nursing education, effective management in nursing, and development of professional nursing. The mean scores of these categories in the possible range of 3-9 were 8.20, 8.04, and 7.83, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study provides a firm scientific basis for strategies to improve CR skills among nurses in CCU. Strategies determined in the present study can be used to develop interventions to improve nurses' CR skills and promote strength-based nursing.

Family and Rehabilitation of Children with Cochlear Implant: A Qualitative Study.

AIM: This study was conducted to explain the role of families in rehabilitating children with cochlear implants based on the participants' experiences and perceptions. METHOD: This research is a qualitative study based on the method of contract content analysis, and it is conducted with semi-structured interviews to collect information in Iran in 2018-2019. The interview was conducted with 12 participants, including caregivers (child caregivers with a cochlear implant), and the process of data collection continued until saturation. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the data were analyzed using Gran Haim and Landman content analysis. This study was guided by consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative (COREQ). RESULTS: The results of the study were formed in the main class titled the family, the effective rehabilitation factor, and two sub-classes titled supportive family and continuing professional and non-professional rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicated that the rehabilitation process in these children will be incomplete without the presence and support of the family.

Spiritual Needs of the Muslim Elderly Living in Nursing Homes: A Qualitative Study.

Paying attention to and meeting the needs of people who are elderly helps to improve their health. Caring for the elderly includes addressing their spiritual needs which has been less investigated. This study aimed to examine the spiritual needs of the Muslim elderly living in nursing homes. A qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. Seventeen elderly people (nine women and eight men) were selected from four nursing homes in Iran using purposive sampling. The subjects were asked to participate in semi-structured interviews. The interview transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. First, semantic units were identified and then related codes were extracted and classified into categories and subcategories based on their similarities. Finally, themes were extracted from the data. The elderly's spiritual needs were classified into three main themes: religious needs, existential needs, and communication needs. Religious needs were divided into religious beliefs, individual religious practices, and collective religious practices. Existential needs were categorized as meaning of life, purpose of life, and need for peace. Communication needs were conceptualized to include relationship with God and relationship with others. It is argued that caregivers of the elderly should recognize the elderly's spiritual needs, including religious, existential, and communication needs, and attempt to maintain and promote the elderly's spiritual health.