Engineering Versatile Bacteria-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: An Adaptable Platform for Advancing Cancer Immunotherapy.

In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has undergone a transformative shift toward personalized and targeted therapeutic strategies. Bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as a promising and adaptable platform for cancer immunotherapy due to their unique properties, including natural immunogenicity and the ability to be engineered for specific therapeutic purposes. In this review, a comprehensive overview is provided of state-of-the-art techniques and methodologies employed in the engineering of versatile OMVs for cancer immunotherapy. Beginning by exploring the biogenesis and composition of OMVs, unveiling their intrinsic immunogenic properties for therapeutic appeal. Subsequently, innovative approaches employed to engineer OMVs are delved into, ranging from the genetic engineering of parent bacteria to the incorporation of functional molecules. The importance of rational design strategies is highlighted to enhance the immunogenicity and specificity of OMVs, allowing tailoring for diverse cancer types. Furthermore, insights into clinical studies and potential challenges utilizing OMVs as cancer vaccines or adjuvants are also provided, offering a comprehensive assessment of the current landscape and future prospects. Overall, this review provides valuable insights for researchers involved in the rapidly evolving field of cancer immunotherapy, offering a roadmap for harnessing the full potential of OMVs as a versatile and adaptable platform for cancer treatment.

A peptide-based pH-sensitive antibacterial hydrogel for healing drug-resistant biofilm-infected diabetic wounds.

Diabetic foot ulcers are a significant complication affecting roughly 15% of diabetic patients. These chronic wounds can be incredibly burdensome, leading to high treatment costs, potential amputations, and additional health complications. Microbiological studies reveal that bacterial infections are the primary culprit behind delayed wound healing. To solve the problem of infection at the wound site, the most fundamental thing is to kill the pathogenic bacteria. Herein, a neoteric strategy to construct novel antibacterial hydrogel COA-T3 that combined photosensitizers (PSs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) via covalent coupling was proposed. Hydrogel COA-T3 composed of quaternized chitosan (QCS) and oxidized dextran (OD) was constructed for co-delivery of the photosensitizer TPI-PN and the antimicrobial peptide HHC10. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated remarkable effectiveness of COA-T3 against drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, the hydrogel significantly promoted healing of diabetic infected wounds. This enhanced antibacterial activity is attributed to the pH-sensitive release of both PSs and AMPs within the hydrogel. Additionally, COA-T3 exhibits excellent biocompatibility, making it a promising candidate for wound dressing materials. These findings indicated that the COA-T3 hydrogel is a promising wound dressing material for promoting the healing of diabetic foot ulcers by providing an environment conducive to improved wound healing in diabetic patients.

Harnessing antimicrobial peptide-coupled photosensitizer to combat drug-resistant biofilm infections through enhanced photodynamic therapy.

Bacterial biofilm-associated infection was one of the most serious threats to human health. However, effective drugs for drug-resistance bacteria or biofilms remain rarely reported. Here, we propose an innovative strategy to develop a multifunctional antimicrobial agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity by coupling photosensitizers (PSs) with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This strategy capitalizes on the ability of PSs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the membrane-targeting property of AMPs (KRWWKWIRW, a peptide screened by an artificial neural network), synergistically enhancing the antimicrobial activity. In addition, unlike conventional aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) photosensitizers, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) PSs show stronger fluorescence emission in the aggregated state to help visualize the antibacterial mechanism. In vitro antibacterial experiments demonstrated the excellent killing effects of the developed agent against both Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria. The bacterial-aggregations induced ability enhanced the photoactivatable antibacterial activity against G- bacteria. Notably, it exhibited a significant effect on destroying MRSA biofilms. Moreover, it also showed remarkable efficacy in treating wound infections in mice in vivo. This multifunctional antimicrobial agent holds significant potential in addressing the challenges posed by bacterial biofilm-associated infections and drug-resistant bacteria.

Functional insights to the development of bioactive material for combating bacterial infections.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" poses a serious threat to human health. Nanomaterials and cationic polymers have shown unprecedented advantages as effective antimicrobial therapies due to their flexibility and ability to interact with biological macromolecules. They can incorporate a variety of antimicrobial substances, achieving multifunctional effects without easily developing drug resistance. Herein, this article discusses recent advances in cationic polymers and nano-antibacterial materials, including material options, fabrication techniques, structural characteristics, and activity performance, with a focus on their fundamental active elements.

Photo-Activable Organosilver Nanosystem Facilitates Synergistic Cancer Theranostics.

Anticancer drug development is important for human health, yet it remains a tremendous challenge. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which induces cancer cell apoptosis via light-triggered production of reactive oxygen species, is a promising method. However, it has minimal efficacy in subcellular targeting, hypoxic microenvironments, and deep-seated malignancies. Here, we constructed a breast cancer photo-activable theranostic nanosystem through the rational design of a synthetic lysosomal-targeted molecule with multifunctions as aggregation-induced near-infrared (NIR) emission, a photosensitizer (PDT), and organosilver (chemotherapy) for NIR imaging and synergistic cancer therapy. The synthetic molecule could self-assemble into nanoparticles (TPIMBS NPs) and be stabilized with amphiphilic block copolymers for enhanced accumulation in tumor sites through passive targeting while reducing the leakage in normal tissues. Through photochemical internalization, TPIMBS NPs preferentially concentrated in the lysosomes of cancer cells and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light irradiation, resulting in lysosomal rupture and release of PSs to the cytosol, which led to cell apoptosis. Further, the photoinduced release of Ag+ from TPIMBS NPs could act as chemotherapy, significantly improving the overall therapeutic efficacy by synergistic effects with PDT. This research sheds fresh light on the creation of effective cancer treatments.

Breaching Bacterial Biofilm Barriers: Efficient Combinatorial Theranostics for Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Biofilms with a Novel Penetration-Enhanced AIEgen Probe.

The formation of microbial biofilms is acknowledged as a major virulence factor in a range of persistent local infections. Failures to remove biofilms with antibiotics foster the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and result in chronic infections. As a result, the construction of effective biofilm-inhibiting and biofilm-eradicating chemicals is urgently required. Herein, we designed a water-soluble probe APDIS for membrane-active fluorescence and broad-spectrum antimicrobial actions, particularly against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which shows multidrug resistance. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate its high antibacterial effects comparable to vancomycin. Furthermore, it inhibits biofilm formation by effectively killing planktonic bacteria at low inhibitory concentrations, without toxicity to mammalian cells. More importantly, this probe can efficiently penetrate through biofilm barriers and exterminate bacteria that are enclosed within biofilms and startle existing biofilms. In the mouse model of implant-related biofilm infections, this probe exhibits strong antibiofilm activity against MRSA biofilms, thus providing a novel theranostic strategy to disrupt biofilms in vivo effectively. Our results indicate that this probe has the potential to be used for the development of a combinatorial theranostic platform with synergistic enhanced effects for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and antibiofilm medications.