ABSTRACT
Panax ginseng, as a kind of rare and valuable Chinese materia medica with the largest global trade volume, has been widely applied in many fields, such as medicine, food, health care, and production of daily chemical products. It is widely used in Asia, Europe, and America. However, its global trade and standardization present different features and an uneven development in different countries or regions. As the main country for its production and consumption, Panax ginseng in China is characterized by its large cultivation area and high total yield and is mainly sold as a raw material or primary processed product. By contrast, Panax ginseng produced in South Korea is mainly sold in manufactured products. Besides, European countries, as another consumption market of Panax ginseng, pay more attention to the research and development of its products. Although Panax ginseng has been widely recorded in various national pharmacopoeias and regional standards, the current standards of Panax ginseng differ in quantity, composition, and distribution, and the existing standards cannot be enough to meet the demands of its global trade. Based on the above issues, we systemically summarized and analyzed the status and features of Panax ginseng standardization and put forward suggestions on the development needs of international standardization of Panax ginseng to guarantee its quality and safety, regulate the order of its global trade, and resolve trade disputes, thereby promoting the high-quality development of the Panax ginseng industry.
Subject(s)
Complementary Therapies , Panax , Panax/chemistry , Republic of Korea , China , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
The present study investigated the effects of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) gene silencing using lentiviral vector-mediated small interfering (si)RNA on the release of proinflammatory cytokines through the regulation of the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in mice with acute pancreatitis (AP). Two siRNADUSP1 sequences and one scramble siRNA sequence were designed, and the expression of DUSP1 was detected using western blot analysis to screen for the one with a higher interference rate. An AP mouse model was established, and KM mice were assigned to either a control, siRNA, AP, AP+PD98059, AP+scramble, AP+siRNA or AP+PD98059+siRNA group. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)1ß and IL6, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and S100A12 in serum samples were detected using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay at 12, 24 and 48 h postmodeling. The serum amylase levels were also detected. The expression levels of DUSP1, TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, HMGB1, S100A12, phosphorylated (p) extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK), pcJun Nterminal kinase (JNK), pp38, ERK, JNK and p38 in pancreatic, liver, kidney and lung tissues were detected using reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Compared with the control group, the siRNA group demonstrated marginally upregulated serum amylase, lipase, urinary trypsinogen2, and proinflammatory cytokines, HMGB1 and S100A12 in serum and tissues, with no statistically significant difference, elevated expression levels of pERK, pJNK and pp38, and decreased expression of DUSP1. The other five groups demonstrated increased expression levels of TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, HMGB1, S100A12, amylase, lipase and urinary trypsinogen2 in serum, and increased expression levels of DUSP1, TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, HMGB1, S100A12, pERK, pJNK and pp38 in tissues. Compared with the AP group, the AP+PD98059+siRNA group had decreased expression of DUSP1 in tissues, whereas the AP+PD98059 group had decreased serum expression levels of TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, HMGB1, S100A12 and amylase, lipase and urinary trypsinogen2. The expression levels of TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, HMGB1, S100A12, pERK, pJNK, pp38 in tissues, and edema of pancreatic tissue were alleviated, whereas the opposite results were observed in the AP+siRNA group with the decreased expression of DUSP1. The results suggested that DUSP1 gene silencing promoted the release of proinflammatory cytokines through activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in mice with AP.
